lh=k|=sf=sf=b=g= @^)÷@)^$÷^%

uf]=x' b=g @(÷@)^$, ^%

s[lif÷jg k|ljlw, s[ifs xslxt Pjd\ ;dfrf/ ljZn]if0ffTds kflIfs

s[lif klqsf

Agricultural Newsletter

An Analytical Fortnightly Publication on Agricultural News, Technology and Farmers Right

jif{M !              c°M !             s[lif klqsf           -!- !% k';, @)^$ (16-30 Dec, 2007)             d'No ¿M !)

cg'/f]w

s[lif ;DjGwL pGgt k|ljlw, s[lif   ;"rgf tyf s[ifssf] xslxtsf] k}/aL ug{sf nflu of] s[lif klqsfsf] k|sfzg ;'? ul/sf] 5 . g]kfndf gLlh:t/af6 k|sfzg ul/Psf] of] klxnf] kflIfs klqsf xf] . o; klqsfdf k|sfzgsf nflu s[lif, s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/L tyf lghLIf]qsf ;+3;+:yfx¿ tyf s[lif;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a}df of] s[lif klqsf kl9 lbg x'g, cfkmg]f ;Nnfx, ;'emfp, k|ltlqmof, n]v, /rgf, s[lif ;DjGwL cfkm\gf ljz]if cg'ej, ckm"n] u/]sf] k|of]u u/L l;s]sf kf7x¿, ;+:yfsf ultljlw, k7fO ;xof]u ug'{ x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ul/G5 .

s[lif ;]jfaf6 cfPsf ;lrjx¿nfO{ awfO{

xfn} dlGqk/ifbn] @$ c;f]h @)^$ ut]sf] j}7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ @* hgfnfO{ ;lrjsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm u/]sf]df xfn} kfFr d+l;/df gj lgo'Qm ;lrjx¿sf] sfo{ef/ lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] 5. oL gjlgo'Qm ;lrjx¿dWo] 8f jh|lszf]/ k|;fb ;fx, kz';]jfaf6, 8f bLkaxfb'/ :jfF/ dT; ljsf;af6 / 8f 6]saxfb'/ Yffkf s[lif cy{ lj1 x'g'x'G5 . 6]s axfb'/Ho"nfO{ s[lif dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 eg]+ cGo b'O{ hgfdWo] bLkaxfb'/ :jf+/ Ho"nfO{ d'Qm sd}of, 8f jh|lszf]/ zfxHo"nfO{ cfk'lt{ dGqfno v6fOPsf] 5 . s[lif dGqfno cGt/ut, ljefu, lhNnfl:yt ljleGg sfof{nox¿df nfdf] cjlw;Dd sfd u/]/, ls;fgx¿;+u k|ToIf¿kdf ;+nUg /xg'ePsf, s[ifsx¿sf] kL/dfsf{ / sl7gfO{x¿ k|ToIf¿kdf x]g'{, ef]Ug' ePsf / s[lif kl/jf/af6} cfpg'eO{ gLhfdlt ;]jfsf ;jf]{Rr kbdf axfnx'g' ePsf]df pFxfx¿df ;j{k|yd awfO{ 6qmfpFb} pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5f}+ . pFxfx¿af6 s[lif ;]jfn] u/]sf] ck]Iff k|lt ;r]t u/fpFb5f} . pFxfx¿ hxfF, h'g;'s} dGqfnodf /x]tfklg s[lif / s[ifssf] xslxtdf cfkm\gf] zlQm / bIftfsf] k|of]u ug'{x'g]5 eGg] xfd|f] cfzf / ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .

s] ;bgn] ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljl;{Ps} xf]<

g]kfndf h'g;'s}| ;/sf/ cfPklg l;4fGttM s[lifIf]qn] pRr k|fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf] 5 t/ Jojxf/df eg]+ ;w}+ pk]lIft g} /x]sf] 5 s[lif / ls;fg<  c:;L k|ltzt eGbf a9L hgtf s[lifIf]qdf cfjWo/lx, sl/a ^^ k|ltzt hgzlQm s[lifd} cfl>t /x]sf 5g\ .  t/ s[lifIf]q ;w}+ p:tfsf] p:t} pk]lIft . s[lifIf]q / ls;fgx¿ ul/aL, clzIff, s'kf]if0fn] u|:t 5g\ . cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df v]tL ul/G5, l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf 5}g\, hUuf ¿vf] 5 / pAhf 3l6/x]sf] 5 . s[ifsx¿ lgjf{xd"ns k/+k/fut s[lifd} lge{//x]sf 5g\ . jx';+ªVos s[ifs kl/jf/sf] s[lif pTkfbgn] tLg dlxgf klg d'l:snn] 5fs 6fg{ k'U5 . hf] ;lx s[ifs xf] p;sf] hUuf 5}g\, s]jn xlnof ePsf 5g\ . t/ s[ifssf oL ofjt ;d:ofk|lt s;}sf] Wofg hf¤b}g, uPsf] 5}g\ .

·       l;4fGtdfM s[lifIf]qn] pRr k|fyldstf kfP tfklg Jojxf/df ;w}+ pk]lIft 5 s[lif / ls;fg<  

·       g]kfndf h:tf] ls;fgsf] bogLo cj:yf ;+;f/df c¿ s'g} b]zdf 5}g\

·       s[ifssf] ;xeflutf s[lif gLlt, lgdf{0f, s[lif of]hgf;Dd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\

·       ;+;b rln/x]5, s;}n] s[ifsn] ef]uLcfPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] p7fg u/]sf] 5}g\

st} s[ifsx¿ af9Lsf] df/df 5g\, sQ} ;'vfaf6 u|l;t 5g / klx/f]n] ;tfOPsf 5g\ . b"vlhnf]u/L pTkfbg u/]sf] s[lif ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] plrt ahf/ 5}g\ . b"w ljs|L geP v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 . h'n'; / aGbn] t/sf/L kmnkm"n u'lxPsf 5g\ . jLp, dn gkfP/ ;dodf afnL nufpg kfOPsf] 5}g\ . /f]un] kz' a:t'efp dl/x]sf5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfo 5g\ / sd{rf/Lx¿ klg 5g\, t/ s[ifs;Dd kx'‘r 5}g\, ultnf] s[lif sfo{qmd 5}g\ . s[lif k|ljlwsx¿n] cfkm\gf] of]Uotfsf] ;d"lrt ;b'oof]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\, cg';Gwfgstf{ sfl/Gbf h:tf ePsf 5g\ . s[lif sn]h hflu/vfgsf nflu ;l6{lkms]6dfq pTkfbg ub{5 . oL ;asf] rf;f] ;'gjfO{ s;n] ug]{<

s[ifssf] xslxtsf nflu s[ifsx¿n] agfPsf cfcfkm\gf ;d"x 5g\, /fli6«o 5ftf ;+u7g klg 5 t/ k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g. s[ifssf] ;xeflutf s[lif gLlt, lgdf{0f, s[lif of]hgf;Dd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . /fhg}lts bnx¿sf cfcfkm\g} ;+3÷;F:Yffx¿ 5g\ ls;fgsf gfpFdf /fhg}lts bn klg 5, sltko ;f+;b, g]tfx¿n] s[lifdf :gfts  u/]sf 5g\ slt s[lifIf]qsf g]kfnLx¿ cGt/fli6«o :t/sf of]hgf ljb\ / ljb]zsf gful/s eP/ og=cf/=Pg=sf] ¿kdf g]kfndf uf]li7 ub{5g\ . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t w]/} h;f] ;f+;bx¿sf] k[i6e"ld g} s[lif k]zf xf] .

g]kfndf h:tf] ls;fgsf] bogLo cj:yf ;+;f/df zfob} c¿ s'g} b]zdf xf]nf< t/ oL ;a} ;d:ofsf] lgbfg vf]Hg s'g} of]hgfljb, ;f;+b, g]tfx¿sf] lsg Wofg hfGg< ;+;b rln/x]5 t/ slx+ s;}n] s[ifsn] ef]uLcfPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] p7fg u/]sf] ;'lgGg . s;/L ;/sf/df hfg]< s;/L ;f;+b alg/xg]< k'/fg} v]n rln/x]5 ;w}+ . gofF g]kfnsf k'/fgf ;/sf/n] klg s[lifnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnO{ s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f / pTkfbsTj j[l4df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . t/ @)^$÷^% sf]] Ps va{ ^* ca{sf] ah]6df s[lif If]qn] ;f9] tLg k|ltzt eGbf sd lx:;fdfq kfPsf] 5 . o;/L s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 / < s[lifIf]qsf] of] b'/fj:yf slxn];Dd< clnslt, ;a} /fhg}lts s'/fx¿ lal;{P/ cfkm\gf] w/ftnsf] hu alnof] agfpg], ls;fgsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]/ b]znfO{ slDtdf l5s]sL ;/x agfpgdf s] s] kxn ul//xg' ePsf] 5 t< dfggLo ;f+;bHo"x¿<

b"w ls;fg j}slNks k]zftkm{

b'Uw pTkfbg u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ Joj;fo xf] .  g]kfndf sl/a @# nfv s[ifs kl/jf/n] ufO{ / !^ nfvn] e}+;L kfNb} cfPsf 5g\ . xfn g]kfndf ;Q/L nfv ufO{uf]? /  aofln; nfv e}+;L /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . oL s'n ufO{, e}+;Lx¿ dWo] ufO{sf] sl/a gf} / e}+;Lsf] @% k|ltzt pGgt hftsf /x]sf 5g\ . jif]{gL ufO{af6 rf/ nfv / e}+;Laf6 b; nfv ul/ sl/a !$ nfv 6g b"w pTkfbg x'g] cg'dfg 5 . sl/a

·       pTkflbt b"wsf] sl/a bz Ü dfq laqmL ul/G5

·       pTkflbt b"wsf] nfut a9L ePsf]n] ls;fgx¿ Hofb} 3f6fdf /x]sf5g\

·       ældNs xf]ln8]Æ sf] sf/0f jif]{gL !# s/f]8 d"No a/fa/sf] b"w v]/ hfg] ub{ 5 .

jL; klRr; jif{otf b"w pTkfbgn] Jofj;flos ¿k lng yfn]sf] 5 . tfklg pTkflbt b"wsf] sl/a bz k|ltzt dfq ahf/df laqmLsf nflu hfg] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . xfn b'Uw Joj;fodf g]kfnsf %% lhNnfsf ;f9] tLgnfv ls;fgx¿ kGb|x;o rf};7L b"w pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfjB /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfn] dfq b}lgs b'O{nfv ln6/ b"w ls;fgx¿af6 lsg]/ ut jif{dfq ? Ps ca{ kfFr s/f]8 ls;fgx¿df ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof] / olx cg'kftdf gLlhIf]qdf /x]sf sl/a @)) b'Uw pBf]ux¿n] ls;fg;+u b"w v/Lb u/]/ ;f]lx cg'kftdf d"No e'QmfgL u/]sf 5g\ .

xfnsf oL b'Uw pBf]usf] k|zf]wg Ifdtf yf]/} ePsf]n] a9L b"w pTkfbg x'g] df};d c;f]h b]lv r}t;Dddf ls;fgn] ljs|L ug{ rfx]sf] ;a} b"w b'Uw pBf]ux¿n] vl/b ub}{gg\ / xKtfdf Ps, b'O{ lbg vl/b gu/L ældNs xf]ln8]Æ dgfpg] ub{5g\ . o;/L jif{sf] sl/a tL; lbg hlt b}lgs sl/a Ps nfv nfv ln6/sf] lx;fadf b"w v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 cyf{t  ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] sl/a !# s/f]8 d"No a/fa/sf] b"w ældNs xf]ln8]Æsf] sf/0f jif]{gL v]/ hfg] u/]sf] 5 . olb ldNs xf]ln8]sf] sf/0f v]/hfg] b"wnfO{ w"nf] b"wdf kl/0ft ug{ ;s]df o;af6 sl/a b; b]lv kGb|x 6g w"nf] b"w pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

Psflt/ o;/L ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] b"w ljs|L geP/ v]/ hfg] u/]sf] 5 eg]+ csf]{ tkm{ g]kfndf jif]{gL ^ xhf/ 6g w"nf] b"w ljb]zaf6 cfoft u/L  jif]{gL ? ;f9] tLg ca{ a/fa/sf] d'b|f ljb]lzg] ub{5 . g]kfndf g} w"nf] b"w tyf cGo b'UwhGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ ;s]df xfn ls;fgn] ef]uL cfPsf b"w las|Lsf] ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm ldNg uO{ ls;fgsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

o; jif{b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/n] w"nf] b"w pTkfbg ug{ rfxg] ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ b"w k|zf]wg d]l;g/L pks/0f v/Lbdf @% k|ltzt k'FhLut cg'bfg / d]l;g/L pks/0f v/Lbsf nflu lnOg] >[0fsf] Jofh *) k|ltzt ldgfxf lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kf]v/fsf] ;'hn km'8;\ k|f= ln n] lghL:t/df klxnf] k6s b}lgs ^ 6g w"nf] b"w pTkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgf :yfkfgf ug]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu b}lgs slDtdf krf; xhf/ ln6/ t/n b"wsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'G5 . olb w"nf] b"w sf/vfgf :yfkgf ePdf xfn ls;fgx¿n]] ldNs xf]ln8]sf] df/af6 qf0f kfpg] lyP .

To:t} tl/sfn] lrtjgdf lrtjg sf]O k|f ln n] klg lrtjgdf Ps w"nf] b"wsf] sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug]{ ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L :t/df b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgn] sl/a b; jif{ cl3 lj/f6gu/df w"nf] b"w sf/vfgf :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL lgs[i6 u"0f:t/sf] w"nf] b"wsf] cfoft lgoGq0f, :jb]zd} b'UwhGo kbfy{x¿ -w"nf] b"w, rsn]6, SofG8L cflb_sf] pTkfbg, 6f]n6f]n, unLunLdf v'n]sf el§x¿sf] lgoGq0f, k|x/L tyf ;]gfdf :jb]zL t/n b"wsf] vkt cflbnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/ s[ifsn] pTkfbg u/]sf] b"wsf] ahf/nfO{ Jofkstf lbg ;lsG5 . 

Psflt/ ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] b"w laqmLsf] ;d:of 5 eg]+ csf]{ tkm{ pTkflbt b"wsf] nfut a9L ePsf]n] ls;fgx¿ Hofb} 3f6fdf /x]sf5g\ . xfnsf] aGb, x8tfn, a9L pTkfbg nfut, lsNs xf]ln8], s[lif >[0fsf] rsf]{ Jofh cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ ls;fgx¿ cGo j}slNks Joj;fodf nfUg] ;f]+rdf /x]sf5g\ / b"wsf] d"No a9fpg' kb{5 elg ls;fgx¿ ;+3if{/t 5g\ . t/ b"wsf] d"No a9fPdf gt pkef]Qmfn] g} a9L d"Nodf b"w lsg]/ vfg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 gt b'Uw pTkfbg Joj;fosf] bLuf] ;dfwfg g} x'g ;Sb5 . b'Uw Joj;fonfO{ gfkmfd"ns agfpgsf nflu b"wsf] pTkfbg nfut 36fpg'g} ;j{>]i7 pkfo xf] o;sf] nflu xl/of] 3fF;df cfwfl/t b"w pTkfbg Joj;fo ;+rfng ug'{, a9L b"w lbg] pGgt hftsf] kz'kfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ g} xf] .

        8fFjf8f]n 5 s'v'/fkfng pBf]u

sl/a @% jif{otf Jofj;flos s'v'/fkfngn] g]kfndf /fd|f] km8\sf] df/]sf]5 . tNnf] hfltn] dfq vfg] / kfNg] u/]sf] o; Joj;fodf clxn] k9]n]v]sf / 7"nfhftLsf] xfnLd'xfnL 5 . xfn g]kfndf sl/a !% nfv ($ xhf/ kl/jf/x¿n] sl/a @ s/f]8 #^ nfv s'v/f kflncfPsf 5g\  . h;af6 sl/a !% xhf/ * ;o 6g df;' / ^) s/f]* eGbf a9L c08f pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . kflnPsf s'v'/fx¿ dWo] sl/a %$ k|ltzt s'v'/f pGgt hftsf 5g\ . s'v'/fkfng Joj;fodf gLlhIf]qsf] !& c/a eGbf  a9L ?k}+of nufgL ePsf] 5 / o; If]qn] k|ToIf¿kdf ^%,))) dflg;x¿nfO{ /f]huf/L lbO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn sl/a *@ j6f Xofr/Lx¿n] pGgt hftsf s'v'/fsf rNNff pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ub{5g\ . To:t} sl/a !@) a6f bfgf pBf]ux¿ s'v'/fsf] bfgf pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fdf ;+nUg 5g\ .

v;Lsf] df;'  clt dFxuf] x'g], xf8sf] dfqfa9L, af];f]a9L x'g' tyf :jf:Yosf nflu xfgLsf/s sf]n]:6]/f]nsf] dfqf a9L x'g] ePsf]n] v;Lsf] eGbf a|f]On/ s'v'/fsf] df;'a9L ?rfOG5  / cfufdL jif{x¿df klg pGgt s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ / ljsf; cem x'g]s'/fdf s'g} b'ljwf 5}g\ . t/ ljleGg ;d:ofx¿n] ubf{ s'v'/fkfng Joj;fo ;+Í6df k/]sf] 5 / ;dod} ;fjwfgL gckgfPdf of] Joj;fo s'g} a]nfklg wf/f;foL x'g a]/ nfUg] 5}g eGg] lj1x¿sf] /fo 5 .

xfn}sf] a8{km\No"sf] qf;, bfgfsf d'Nodf j[l4, ;:tf] b/df ef/taf6 s'v'/fsf] cfoft cflbsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s'v'/fkfng Joj;fon] 7"nf] ;+Í6sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o s'v'/fkfns ;xof]u ;+:yfsf cg';f/ s'v'/fsf bfgf pBf]ux¿af6 pTkflbt bfgfsf] af]/fdf, pTkfbg ePsf] ldlt, bfgfsf] ld>0f, To;df ePsf] kf]ifs tTjsf] dfqf, sDkgLsf] gfd cflb pNn]vug'{ kg]{df w]/} pBf]ux¿n] sd u'0f:t/sf] bfgf lbg] ubf{ s'v'/fkfns s[ifs df/df k/]sf 5g\ . To:t} Xofr/L pBf]ux¿n] klg sd;n vfnsf] rNnf ljt/0f ug]{, :jLs[t dfkb08 cg';f/sf] plrt u|]l8ª u/]/ dfq rNnf ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{df ;f] cg';f/ gugf{n] s'v'/fkfns ls;fgx¿ 7"nf] df/df k/]sf 5g\ .

;/sf/af6 ck]lIft ;xof]u gkfPsf] u'gf;f] s'v'/f Joj;foLx¿sf] 5 . pTkfbg nfut a9L x'g', bfgfsf nflu rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿ aflx/af6 cfoft ug'{ kg]{, d]lzg/L, cf}hf/ cflbdf eG;f/ b/ cTolws x'g', Sjf/]g6fOgsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gx'g', /f]uJofwLsf] lgbfg tyf pkrf/sf] ;d"lrt Joj:yf gx'g' cflbsf] sf/0f s'v'/f Joj;fo cem km:6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g\ / s'v'/f Joj;foLx¿n] cfjZos k|f]T;fxg kfPsf 5}gg\ . tfklg k|lts"n cj:yfdf klg s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] j[l4b/ s[lifIf]qsf] eGbf pRr/x]sf] 5 .  t/ o; s'v'/fkfng Joj;fonfO{ bLuf] agfpg tyf gLlhIf]qsf] pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLlt t'''/Gt NofOPg eg] of] pBf]usf] xfn klg un}++rf pBf]usf] h:t} gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg .

/fli6«o s'v'/fkfns ;xof]u ;+:yf s'v'/f kfns ls;fgx¿sf] s]lGb|o ;+:yf xf] . o;df  Jofj;flos s'v'/fkfns ls;fgx¿ cfjB /x]sf5g\ . u|fdL0f e]udf 5l/P/ /x]sf / 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu b'O{rf/ s'v'/f kfNg] ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;d]t cfjZos k|f]T;fxg kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g\ . o:tf ;fgf ls;fgsf] e/kb]f{ cfDbfgLsf] >f]tsf nflu :yfgLo hftsf] s'v'/fnfO{ klg k|fyldstfdf /fVg rf+lx e'Ng' x'Gg .

jif{M ! cÍM !      s[lif klqsf   ! - !% k';, @)^$            k[i6 @ -s[lif cy{, ahf/_

;DkfbsM /fd]Zj/ l;+x kf08]

k|jGw ;DkfbsM ;'ldqf kf08]

sfo{fnoM

rfjlxn &, cfbz{j:tL 

kf]i6 aS;M !)@$%, sf7df08f}

kmf]gM @)&#^#(, $$^)*^!, (*$!#$%)*@,

Email: krishipatrika@gmail.com

sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/M clwjQmf pd]z s'df/ lg/f}nf

l8hfOg tyf n]cfp6M jfOg/L sDKo'6;{, rfjlxn, kmf]gM $$*$*()

d'b|0fMs[kf lk|G6;{, uéflx6L, rfjlxn,  sf7df08f} kmf]gM $$**###

s[lif lrGtg ======

s[lif klqsfsf] cfjZostf lsg<

·       c:;L k|ltzt eGbf a9L g]kfnLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g s[lifdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 t/ jx';ªVos s[ifsx¿ u/Llasf] cj:yfdf hLpg afWo /x]sf5g\ . b]zsf] cy{tGqdf s[lifIf]qn] sl/a c8\lt; k|ltzt of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 t/ ;/sf/L :t/df s[lifIf]qn] cfzfltt k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf]5}g\, s[lifdf jflif{s ah]6sf] rf/ k|ltzt klg nufgL x'Fb}g . s[lif k|wfg b]zdf Pp6fklg s[lif ljZjljBfno 5}g\ . s[lif ljifosf] pRr lzIfflng] sn]hx¿ cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsG5g\ .

·       s[ifsx¿sf] bogLo cj:yfdf ;'wf/sfnflu s[ifsx¿n] ef]uLcfPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] Gofof]lrt ;dfwfg geP;Dd s[lifIf]qsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf lgjf{xd"lv s[lifnfO{ Jofj;flos s[lif k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsGg . g]kfn klg 8An='l6=cf=]sf] ;b:o /fi6« ePsf]n] s[lifIf]qnfO{ bIftfsf;fy k|lt:kwfTds ahf/d'vL agfpg' clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;sfnflu cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Dd s[ifsx¿sf] kx'Fr', s[ifs / ;xefuL lgsfox¿;+usf] sfo{ut Pstf, s[ifsx¿sf] ;d;fdlos ;d:ofx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ / s[lif gLltlgdf0f{, s[lif of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf d"NofÍgdf ls;fgx¿ tyf s[lifIf]qdf ;+nUg Joj;foLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf tNnf] txb]lvg} x'g' clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

·       s[ifsx¿nfO{ z';"rLt ug]{, s[ifssf kL/dfsf{, s[ifssf ;d;fdlos ;d:ofx¿sf] p7fg / ls;fgn] ef]lu cfPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu kxn, k}/aL ug]{ s'g} :jtGq lgsfo 5}g\ . ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf :yfkgf ePsf s[ifs ;d"xx¿ clg /fhg}lts bnsf ljleGg ;+3÷;+u7gx¿ 5g\ t/ oL s[ifs ;d"xx¿ ;;fgf ¿kdf ljeflht / /fhg}lts ¿kdf dfq ljz]iftM ;lqmo /x]sf kfOG5g\ . b'Uw pTkfbs s[ifsx¿sf] ;Ghfn /fli6«o :t/df g} :yfkgf ePtfklg Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

·       ;/sf/L :t/df s]lx lgsfox¿n] s[ifs;+u ;DjlGwt dfl;s, å}dfl;s klqsf ljz]iftM c+u]|hLdf zf]wkqx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] hg/N;x¿ k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5, To:t} s]xL klqsfx¿n] klg s[ifsf]kof]uL n]vx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf klg lbg] ub{5g t/ o:tf kq klqsfn] s[ifsx¿sf] cjZostf k'/f ug{ klg ;s]]sf] 5}g tyf ;lhn};+u s[ifs ;dIf k'Ug g} ;ls/x]sf] 5 .

·       s[lif / ls;fg ;a}eGbf pk]lIft ju{ x'g g]kfnsf . o:tf] cj:yfdf s[lifIf]qdf ;+nUg s[ifs, s[lif Joj;foL÷pBdL, s[lif lj1÷cg';GwfgsQf{÷ljBfyL{ / s[lifdf rfv /fVg] ;a} ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Pp6}] dfWodaf6 cfhsf] cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwaf/] z';"lrt u/fpFb}, s[ifsx¿n] ef]uL cfPsf ;d;fdlos ;d:ofx¿sf] lgjf/0fsfnflu s[ifs / ;/f]sf/afnf lgsfox¿ / gLlt lgdf{0fsQf{x¿aLr 5nkmn, ;Djfb rnfpg Ps :jtGq dGr k|bfg u/]/ s[lifIf]qsf] bLuf] ljsf;sf;fy} u/Lla lgjf/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] Ps k|efjsf/L e"ldsfsf] vf]hLdf o; s[lif klqsfsf] k|sfzg xfn kflIfs ¿kdf ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . of] s[lif klqsf, gLlh:t/af6 k|sfzg ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;j{yf gf}nf] k|of; xf] . of] klqsf Ps u}/ /fhg}lts, wd{ lg/k]If, hfthftL, lnË / ;fdk|bflostfaf6 lg:k[x/lx ljz'4 ¿kdf s[ifssf] xslxt ;/+If0f / s[ifsnfO{ z';"lrt ug]{ Ps >f]tsf] ¿kdf cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ 5 . o;n] Ps cfd s[ifs kl/jf/;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox¿ h:t} s[lif, kz'kfng, jg, e";+/If0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, vfBkf]if0f, s[lifpBf]u÷ahf/÷Joj;fo cflb ;DjGwL pGgt k|fljlws hfgsf/L, ;dfrf/ ljZn]if0f, /fli6«o÷cGt/fli6«o s[ifs÷lj1x¿sf ljrf/÷cg'ejx¿sf ;fy} s[lif ljifosf ljljw n]v /rgfx¿ k|sfzg ug{] 5. o; klqsfnfO{ c´ a9L s[ifsf]kof]uL, ;zSt / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;d:t sl[if;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;d:t z'elrGts kf7s ju{df xfd|f] xflb{s clkn 5 .

ljZj ahf/df g]kfnsf] cn}+rL

cn}+rL pTkfbgsf] If]qdf g]kfn ljZj ahf/df k|yd :yfg cf]u6g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . cn}+rLsf] v]tL g]kfnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qsf ;a} lhNnfx¿df x'g ;S5 tfklg Jofj;flos ¿kdf o;sf] v]tL g]kfnsf] Onfd, tfKn]h'ª, ;+v'jf;ef, kf+ry/, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, uf]/vf, ndh'ª, :ofªhf, u'NdL, jfun'¬ª, sf:sL nufot sl/a #& lhNnfx¿df eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sl/a &) xhf/ kl/jf/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf cn}+rL v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf sl/a #& xhf/ x]S6/df cn}+rL nufOPsf] 5 / jif]{gL cf7 xhf/ 6g cn}+rLsf] pTkfbg x'g] cg'dfg 5 . cn}+rL g]kfnsf] cnfjf ef/t / e'6fgdf x'g] ub{5 . g]kfndf pTkfbgx'g] cn}+rLsf] bfgf 7"nf], jf:gfbf/, ;'ulGwt / :jflbnf] x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfnL cn}+rLsf] dfu ljb]z w]/} 5 . pTkflbt cn}+rLdWo] sl/a () k|ltzt ljb]z lgsf;L ul/G5 . lgsf;Lsf] w]/}h;f] efu ef/t clg kfls:tfg, l;+ufk'/, ;+o'Qm c/a, au}nfb]z, xªsª, ckmuflg:tfg / cd]l/sfdf x'g] ub{5 . ;Djt @)^@÷^# df g]kfnn] ^ xhf/ ^ ;o 6g cn}+rL ljb]z lgof{t u/]/ ljZjsf] cu|0fL cn}+rL lgof{t ug]{ d'n'ssf] ;"lrdf g]kfn k/]sf] 5 .

sflnb]jL cn}+rL s[ifs ;d"x, ?ª;'«ª, kz'kltgu/, Onfddf !* s[ifs ;d"x cfj4 /x]sf / k|To]s ls;fgn] jif{df ;/b/ #) dg cn}+rL] pTkfbg u/L ? %),))) b]lv ? Ps nfv cfDbfgL lng] u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 ;d'xsf cEoIf >L ljs|d /fO{ . t/ ls;fgn] cn}rL Jofkf/L;+u cufl8 g} ? % ;os8fsf] efvfdf >[0f sf9]/ vfO;s]sf] x'Fbf ;fkmf]gfkmf] p:t} x'g] u/]sf] 5 pFxf yKg'x'G5 . :yfgLo hftsf cn}+rL sd pTkfbglbg] / l5s]{km's]{, ufgf]s'lxg] h:tf /f]ux¿sf] sf/0f cn+}rL pTkfbs s[ifsx¿sf] aufg ;vfk x'g nfu]sf] 5 . cr]n w]/}h;f] ls;fgx¿ ef/tsf] l;lSsdaf6 ef/nfª, hfu';fO{ h:tf pGgt hftsf cn}++rLsf] la?jfNofO{ nufpg yfn]sf] gjk|ltef s[ifs ;d'x, ?ª;'ªsf cWoIf >L kxnjfg v; eGg'x'G5 . pFxf yKg'x'G5 æcn}+rLsf] efp klg s]lx ef/tLo Jofkf/Ln] lgwf{/0f ub{5\g . lbglbg} d"No km/s x'g] / dgnflu x'g] ePsf]n] ls;fgx¿ w]/} df/df k/]sf 5g\ . o; k6s cn}+rLsf] d"No ? !,^)) k|lt SoLG6n 5 t/ klxn] ? @,&)) ;Dd k'u]sf] lyof]Æ .

lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / cGo ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf cn}+rL s[ifs ;d"xx¿ klg ;xsf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;+ul7t x'g nfu]sf5g\ /