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Krishi Patrika A Newsletter on Agricultural & Forestry Technologies, Farmers Right and Analytical News

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;g\ @))^ df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] u/]sf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] rqmkyleqdfq @) xhf/ % ;o s's'/ /x]sf lyP To:t} rqmky aflx/ em08} !% xhf/ s's'/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . kmf]xf]/sf] cJoj:yfkg / ;8sdf vfgfsf] k|r'/tfn] ub{f sf7df8f}+sf ;8sx¿ s's'/sf nflu cToGt pko'Qm ag]sf 5g\ . Sof6sf cWoIf tyf jl/i7 snfsf/ xl/j+z cfrfo{sf cg';f/ ;8sd} hLjg / d/0f ef]Ug] s's'/x¿sf] hLjgk|lt dflg; ;+j]bgzLn gx'Fbf ltgLx¿n] cToGt b'Mv kfPsf 5g\ . pxfF eGg'x'G5 – æ;+ljwfg ;efkl5 aGg] ;/sf/n] gofF g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf] dfq xf]Og kz' clwsf/sf] nflu klg sfd u/f];\ / ;8s s's'/nfO{ cdfgjLo 9+un] laif v'jfP/ dfg]{ sfo{ k"0f{¿kdf aGb u/f];\ . ;8s s's'/sf] ;+Vof dfgjLo ¿kdf 36fpg / g]kfnnfO{ /]lahd'Qm agfpgsf] nflu ;/sf/;+u ;xsfo{ ug{  Sof6 tof/ 5Æ .

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Sof6 g]kfndf ;8s s's'/x¿sf nflu sfd ug]{ Psdfq ;+:yf xf] . x/]s lbg Sof6sf sd{rf/Lx¿ 6f]n6f]nd} k'u]/ s's'/ ;dft]/ n}hfG5g\ / aGWofs/0f kl5 6f]nd} NofP/ 5fl8lbG5g\ . aGWofs/0fsf qmddf ;dfltPsf s's'/x¿nfO{ /]lahlj?4sf] ;'O klg lbOg] / ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ux¿ ljz]if u/L n'tf], plkofF, lsgf{, h'sf cflbsf] klg pkrf/ ug]{ ul/G5 . To;sf/0f Sof6g]kfnn] sfd ul//x]sf If]qdf s's'/sf 5fp/f / /f]uL s's'/ klg sd b]lvg] u/]sf] :yfgLoaf;Lx¿ atfpF5g\ . k

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·       Pp6f cWoogn] b]vfpF5 cfwf eGbf a9L jo:s s[ifsx¿ cfˆgf] k];fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg, s[lif k];fd} /dfpg rfxfGgg\ . of] g]kfnsf] dfq xf]Og ljZjsf] pbfx/0f xf] . ufpFsf o'jf tyf s[lif ljifosf k|ljlws, lj1x¿ æs'g} /fd|f]Æ cj;/sf] kvf{Odf 5g\ –slxn] / s;/L of] s[lif k];faf6 km'Tsg ;lsG5 <

·       ca v]tLkftL a'9fkfsf tyf s]6fs]6L / cfOdfO{sf] e/df ul/g yflnPsf] 5 . @) jif{ dflysf / %) jif{ d'gLsf o'jfo'jltx¿ k|foM ljb]zLPsf 5g\, ljz]iftM vf8L d'n'sdf / l5d]sL b]z ef/tlt/ . >d ug]{, pTkfbg ug]{ zlQm ufpFd} ga:g] ePkl5, b]zd} ga:g] ePkl5, s;/L pFef] nfU5 of] b]z < of] s[lif k];f / oL ls;fg <

·       cfˆg} b]zdf pRr lzIffsf] cj;/ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ev{/ k9fO{ l;WofPsf s[lif, jg :gftsx¿ klg aflx/ g} /dfpg rfxfG5g\ . pRr lzIffsf nflu cfˆgf] k9fO{sf] ljifonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg xf]Og, cGo s[lif, jg–jftfj/0f eGbf Ot/ ljifo, ahf/df dfu ePsf] / /fd|f] hflu/ kfOg] k]zfsf] cfsif{0fdf 5g\ g]kfnL o'jfo'jltx¿ .

·       pRr lzIff lnPsf klRr;, tL; jif{sf] nfdf] cg'ej ;Fufn]sfx¿ s[lif, jftfj/0f lj1x¿ klg ;]jflgj[t ag]kl5 cGo s[lif Ot/ k];f c+ufNg rfxfG5g\ . lsg < ljsl;t b]zx¿df pRrkb:t JolQmx¿ s[lif, kz'kfng k]zfdf /dfpg rfxfG5g\  . ToxfF s[lif, kz'kfngnfO{ cfod"ns tyf dof{lbt k];fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . k|fs]lts k];fsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . To:tf] lbg g]kfndf slxn] cfpg] <

·       pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf s[lif, jg jftfj/0f ljb\x¿ klg k|foM knfog ePsf 5g\, ;'ljwf;DkGg b]zx¿df, ljsl;t b]zx¿df . cfˆgf] 1fg;Lksf] pRr d"NofÍg tyf ;b'kof]usf nflu xf]Og, s]jn /fd|f], tna / ;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf . cfˆgf] g}ltstf, cfˆgf] :jfledfg a]r]/ gLDg:t/sf] k];f c+ufNg jfWo 5g\ oL lj1x¿ .

·       g]kfndf vfBfGg ;+s6 tyf dFxuL cfsflzPsf] 5 . ljZjdf vfBfGg pTkfbg a9]sf] ePtfklg ljz]iftM Pl;ofsf ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zx¿df b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf; tyf dflg;df ljleGg vfBkl/sf/ k|ltsf] cfsif{0f tyf vkt cfsflzPsf]n] vfBfGg ;+s6 em§} ;dfwfg x'g] cj:yf b]lvGg .

·       clxn] ljZjel/ vfBfGg ;+s6 b]vf k/]sf]5 . ljZj ahf/df vfBfGgsf] lgoGq0f s]xL cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿n] dfqf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjdf vfBfGg pTkfbg ug]{ b]zx¿ b'O{ ju{sf 5g\ . 7"nf] k/L0ffddf vfBfGg pTkfbg -df; k|8S;g_ ug]{ s]xL 7"nf cf}Bf}lus b]zx¿ /  b]zsf 7"nf] hg;ªVofn] hLpgsf nflu v]tL ug]{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu v]tL ug]{, 7"nf] hg;ªVofn] yf]/}yf]/} pTkfbg ædf;n] k|8S;gÆ ug]{ ljsfzzLn b]zx¿ .

·       7"nf] hdftn] lgjf{xsf nflu v]tL ug]{ g]kfn nufot ljZjsf cGo ljszLn, s[lifdf cfwfl/t b]zx¿ y'k|} 5g\ . csf]{tkm{ ljZjdf cu|0fL s]xL cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿ 5g\ . ljZj vfBfGgsf] ahf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ b]zx¿ . yf]/} JolQmn] 7"nf] kl/0ffddf vfBfGg pTkfbg ug]{ . ljZjdf vfBfGg pTkfbg ug]{ b]zx¿df cd]l/sf cu|0fL /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] s"n vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt s]jn cd]l/sfsf s]xL s[lif kmfd{x¿n] dfq ub{5g\ .

·       o:tf] cj:yfdf 7"nf] hdftdf /x]sf /  s[lif k];fnfO{ gfkmfd"ns Joj;foL tyf lgof{td"ns agfP/ cfd g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/df s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 < s[lifIf]qdf ;+nUg lj1 / bIf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s;/L dof{lbt tyf cfsif{s agfpg ;lsG5 < ljb]z knfog x'g] o'jf zlQm tyf pRr lzIff k|fKt lj1x¿nfO{ tyf cjsf; k|fKt kl/kSj dl:tisnfO{ of] df6f]sf] ljsf;sf nflu s;/L ;+/If0f ug]{ < of] gofF g]kfnsf] 7"nf] r'gf}tL aGg ;S5 < gofF g]kfn agfpg s[lif k];fnfO{ dof{lbt, Jofj;flos tyf cfod"ns agfpg ;Sg' kb{5 .

ef]sf] k]6n] g} cGgsf] d"No a'em]sf] x'G5

8f=6L=kL=a/fsf]6L, s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\

crfgf]nfO{ v's'/Lsf] rf]6 yfxf x'G5 eg]em}+ ef]sf] k]6n] dfq vfg] s'/fsf]] ;xL d"No a'em\g ;S5 . s'g} j:t'sf] dxTj To:sf] cefjdfg} kfOG5 . ef]s dL7f] ls ef]hg dL7f] eGbf ef]sdf h] vfP klg dL7f] x'gfn] ef]s dL7f] eGg] ul/G5 . a"9fkfsfx¿ cGg kfgLsf] z/L/ xf] gvfO{ afFRg ;lsGg eG5g\ . dflg;n] hlt;'s} 7"nf] cflj:sf/ u/] klg, vfglkgljgf p:sf] hLjg c;Dej 5 eGg] s'/f ;a}nfO{ oyfy{ 5 . hLpgsf nflu dflg; dfq x}g ;a} hLjx¿ ;+3if{df pq]sf kfOG5g\ . k]6s} nflu b'v ug'{ k5{, of] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . k]6 geP hxfF klg k'Ug / hlt ;do klg a:g ;lsg] lyof] . xfd|f]] d'Vo p2]Zog} k]6 kfNg' ePsf] 5 . ef]sf] k]6n] /fli6«o lrGtg ug{ ;Sb}}g a? ;+3if{ ;'? u5{ . ho xf];\, s[lif d'nZr hLjgd\ Û

em§ x]bf{ hg;+Vof a9\g' / Tof] cg'kftdf vfBfGg pTkfbg gx'g'n]] s'kf]if0f, ef]sd/L NofPsf] h:tf] nfU5, t/ ;d:ofsf] ¿vsf] h/f vf]tNb} hfFbf To:sf k5fl8 y'k|} sf/0f e]l6G5g\M dfgjtfaLrsf] cdfgjLotf, ;dfhleqsf c;dfgtf, dfgjlxt ljkl/tsf e]befjk"0f{ gLlt / Jojxf/x¿ . h:n]ubf{ kl;gf aufP/ v]tL ug]{ ls;fgn] klg ef]sd/Lsf] lzsf/ aGg' k/]sf] 5 . of] lj8Dagf eljiodf g/xf];\ Û ls;fgsf] d]xgt / s[lif afnLsf] dxTjnfO{ ;Dem]/ pgLx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg' k5{M wGo 5 s[lif, wGojfb 5 k]6 k"hfsf ;fdfg kmnfpg] ls;fgx¿ Û ;j{;fwf/0fx¿n] ug]{ sfd eg]/ v]tLkftLnfO{ s;}n] ;fgf] 7fGg' x'Gg, o;sf] 7"nf] dxTj 5 . s[lif k]zfsf] dd{ a'em]/ cGgbftf s[ifsx¿nfO{ dfof / ;Ddfg lbpF, ;s]sf] ;xof]u u/f}+ Û

vfBfGg ;+s6n]] xfxfsf/ NofFp5 ls eg]/ clxn] ljZjel/ vfBfGgaf/] rrf{ rln/x]sf] 5 . s]xLnfO{ t clxn] klg ;+s6} 5 . ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] o;nfO{ phfu/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . wgL b]zsf cdL/x¿b]lv 7"N7"nf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] o;af/] lrGtf JoSt u/]sf 5g\ . x'gt vfBfGgsf] cefjn] ljutdf ef]sd/Laf6 xhf/f}+n] Hofg gu'dfPsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ klxn] s[lifn]] olt 7"nf] rrf{ / dxTj kfPsf] lyPg . vfBj:t'sf] pTkfbg Pj+ ;~rtLsf] sdL ePsf] a]nf To;df PsfPs cfPsf] d"No j[l4af6 ef]lnsf lbgdf cfpg ;Sg] vfB cfk"lt{sf] ;d:ofn] ;fgf7"nf wgLul/a ;a}nfO{ qflxdfg\ agfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ds}, h'g]nf], cfn', tf]/L cflb vfB afnLnfO{ h}ljsOGwg -OlGhgdf k|of]u x'g] Oyfgf]n / l8h]n_ df k|of]u ul/P kl5 vt/fsf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] xf] . ljZj vfB s[lif ;+u7g -Pkm=P=cf]=_ sf] k|wfg sfof{no -/f]d_ df ev{/} cfof]lht vfBfGgsf] d"Non] NofPsf] ;+s6 ;DaGwL ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf h}ljs OGwgsf] a9\bf] k|of]u, Jofkf/, 9'jfgL ef8f j[l4, s[lif afnLsf] sd pTkfbsTjnfO{ d"No j[l4sf] bf]ifL 7x¥ofPsf] 5 . ljut tLg jif{df ljZjsf] vfBd"No bf]Aa/ a9]sf] 5 . dx+uf] vfBj:t' lsg]/ vfg g;sL o;af6 yk !) s/f]8 dflg; k|efljt x'g] atfOPsf] 5 . /fi6«  ;+3Lo dxf;lrj jfg ls–d'gn] a9\bf] dfu wfGgsf nflu vfB pTkfbg a9fpg s[lifdf bz u'gf nufgL a9fO{ cfufdL ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ljZjsf] vfB pTkfbg %) k|ltztn] a9fpg cfXjfg ug{' ePsf] 5 .

;+o'St /fi6« ;+3n] ;d]t lrGtf JoSt ug{ yfn] kl5 b]z ljb]zdf vfB ;+s6 cfpg glbg ;hutf ckgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] b]zsf] vfBfGg csf]{ b]zdf k7fpg /f]s nufOPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg To;} u/]sf] 5 . t/ of] :yfoL ;dfwfg eg] xf]Og . xfn vfBfGg ;DaGwL ljz]if ;ldlt sfo{bn ;d]t u7g ePsf] a'lemG5 . g]kfndf ef]sd/Laf6 arfpg j}b]lzs ;xof]u:j?k k6s k6s ux'F rfdn lelqg] u/]sf] xf] . c?n] /f]s nufP kl5 s] x'G5 eGg ;lsGg . vfBfGg gk'u ePsf xfd|f ljs6 kxf8L lhNnfx¿df jif]{gL t/fO{af6 vfB ;+:yfgdfkm{t\ ;/sf/n] rfdn k7fpg] u/]sf] ljlbt} 5 .

;+;f/sf] s'g} g s'g} efudf s'g} g s'g} d'n'sdf vfBfGgsf] cefj tyf ef]sd/L klxn]b]lv x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . clgsfn, ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0faf6 aif]{gL csfndf nfvf}+sf] Hofg uO/x]sf] 5 . To:tf] k|sf]k em]Ng]df t];|f] ljZjsf ul/a d'n'ssf ul/a hgtfg} ePsf 5g\ . s]xL vfg gkfP/ ef]sn] KofsKofstL eP/ w]/} afnaRrfsf] Hofg uPsf] pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . s'kf]if0fsf] lzsf/ ePsfx¿ t s/f]8f}+ 5g\ . of] x]bf{ b]lvG5 Psy/L ljsf;sf] r'nLdf k'u]/ c/af}+ 8n/ cg'Tkfbg If]qdf vr{ ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{y/L afFRg kfpg] clwsf/af6 al~rt eP/ ef]sef]s} dl//x]sf 5g\ .

clxn] g]kfndf s[lif / vfBfGgnfO{ ;a}If]qaf6 rf;f] / ulDe/tfk"j{s x]l/Psf] 5 eGg] nflu/x]sf] 5 . hg;+Vof j[l4;+u} vfB j:t'sf] pTkfbg j[l4 x'g g;Sg' ;a}sf] nflu r'gf}tL xf] . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df hg;+Vof j[l4 b/ a9L / s[lif afnLx¿sf] pTkfbsTj sd /xg' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . t/ oL b'a}df 36fpg] / a9fpg] k|jn ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . v]tL lj:tf/ ug]{ If]q dfq ;Lldt 5 . To;sf/0f ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg b'Oj6} ljsNk ckgfpg ckl/xfo{ 5M pTkfbg a9fpm, hg;+Vof 36fpm Û pTkfbg a9fpg gofF ;+/rgf ;+u} gofF 9Ën] sfd ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;df ;/sf/L, s[lif sfo{stf{ cGo ;xof]uL / s[ifsx¿sf] Odfgbf/Lk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] cfjZostf 5 . aLp, dn, k|ljlw, l;+rfO, ahf/ oL kfFr j6fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] kfFr jif{leq clxn]sf] t'ngfdf 8]9 u'gfn] pTkfbg a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . o:sf] nflu s[lif If]qnfO{ ;a} If]qn] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 ;DemL klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fvL ah]6, sfo{qmd / hgzlSt a9fpg ;fy lbPdf c;Dej 5}g, a? ;Dej 5 . k

s[ifs ynf]M======

-o; ynf]df cfˆgf s[lifhGo ;d:of n]lv k7fpg'xf];\, xfdL lj1sf] ;xof]udf lgbfg pknAw u/fpF5f}+ –s[lif klqsf_

pGgt df}/Lkfng k|ljlw

-         l;l4hLjg e';fn, sL6 lj1, sL6 lj1fg dxfzfvf, gfs{, v'dn6f/

       df}/Lkfng Joj;fo s[ifsx¿sf] cfocfh{g j[l4 ug{ ;Sg] y'k|} ;Defjgf ePsf] lbuf] Joj;fo xf] . g]kfndf j}lbssfnb]lvg} df}/Lkfng ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ Jofj;flos df}/Lkfngsf] Oltxf; eg] nfdf] 5}g . g]kfndf xfn;Dd k|d'v ¿kn] dx pTkfbgsf] nflu dfq df}/Lkfng u/]sf] kfOG5 / ev{/ev{/ dfq Jofj;flostf tk{m pGdv x'Fb}5 . g]kfnsf] jflif{s cf}ift dx pTkfbg hDdf $ lsnf]u|fd k|lt uf]nf -3f/_ dfq 5 . t/ s]xL Jofj;flos df}/Lkfnsx¿n] :yfgLo hft -;]/fgf_ df}/Lkfngaf6 jflif{s @) lsnf]u|fd k|lt uf]nf tyf cfofltt o'/f]lkog -d]nLkm]/f_ hft df}/Lkfngaf6 jflif{s ^) lsnf]u|fd k|lt uf]nf;Dd dx pTkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . dx afx]s df}/Lkfng Joj;foaf6 cGo j:t'x¿ h:t} df}/Ld}g -Bee wax_, k/fu -Pollen_, rf]k -Porpolis_, zflxvfgf -Royal jelly_, df}/L ljif -Bee venum_ OToflb pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} gofF /fgL df}/L -Queen bee_ / df}/L uf]nfx¿ pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0faf6 klg dgUo} nfe lng ;lsG5 . o; afx]s afnLgfnLdf df}/Låf/f k/fu;]rg -Cross pollination_ u/fO{ afnLsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg ;lsG5 . xfn cfP/ s]xL ;+:yfut df}/Lkfngdf dx afx]s df}/Lkfngsf cGo pkfb]otfdf klg Wofg lbg yflnPsf] 5 . yf]/} hUuf x'g] jf hUufg} gx'g] s[ifsn] u|fdL0f If]qdf yf]/} nufgLaf6 klg of] Joj;fo ;'? ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] df}/Lkfng Joj;fon] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbg ;Sb5 . t/ ljleGg j:t"x¿sf] ;d'lrt pTkfbg / nfe lngsf] nflu pGgt df}/Lkfng k|ljlw ckgfpg' tyf pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] pko'Qm ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

      df}/Lsf hftx¿M g]kfndf w]/} cufl8b]lv g} :yfgLo hftsf] df}/Lkfng ul/b} cfOPsf] 5 . t/ plrt Joj:yfkgsf] sldn] ubf{ o;af6 yf]/}dfq pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . kxf8L If]qdf kfOg]  Plk; ;]/]gf ;]/]gf -Apis cerana cerana_ tyf Plk; ;]/]gf lxdflof  -Apis cerena himalaya_ hftsf] :yfgLo df}/Ldf klg cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] lgs} g} pTkfbg lbg ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} g]kfnsf] t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]; If]qdf o"/f]lkog hft Plk; d]lnkm]/f -A. mellifera_ hftsf] df}/L nf]slk|o 5 . pGgt k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cfw'lgs df}/Lkfng ubf{ o;af6 lgs} cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 .

      cfw'lgs 3f/sf] k|of]uM  u|fdL0f If]qdf c´}klg k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] d'9]3f/ jf vf]k]3f/df :yfgLo hftsf] df}/Lkfng u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] 3f/af6 dx sf9\bf dxdbfgLsf] k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] / rfsf tyf aRrfsf] gf]S;fg x'g] x'gfn] pTkfbsTjdf sdL x'G5 . o;}n] o:tf 3f/x¿nfO{ cfw'lglss/0f ug{ ljsl;t k|ljlw tyf cfw'lgs 3f/sf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 h;df rfsfnfO{ lgsfNg tyf /fVg ldNg] rf}s;sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:tf 3f/af6 dx sf9\bf dxdbfgLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] tyf 3f/leq cGo sfo{ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] / rfsf tyf aRrfsf] gf]S;fg x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .

s[lqd vfgfsf] k|of]uM k|s[ltdf k|z:t k"mnx