lh=k|=sf=,sf= b= g+= @^)÷@)^$÷^%

uf]=x'=sf=b=g+= @(÷)^$÷^%

s[lif / jg k|ljlw, s[ifs xslxt Pjd\ ;dfrf/ ljZn]if0ffTds kflIfs

Krishi Patrika A Newsletter on Agricultural & Forestry Technologies, Farmers Rights and Analytical News

/fli6«o dn gLlt kl/dfh{g

ls;fgx¿nfO{ ca ;x'lnot b/df dn cfk"lQ{ x'g] <

v]tLsf] a]nfdf /f;folgs dnsf] xfxfsf/ / sd u'0f:t/sf] gSsnL dn k|of]u ug{ ls;fgx¿ jfWo eO{ cfGbf]lnt x'g' k/]sf] cj:yfdf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] xfn ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;'ne tyf ;x'lnot b/df /f;folgs dn pknJw u/fpg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o dn gLlt @)%* nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L dndf cg'bfg lbg] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 . ef/taf6 cg'bfg k|fKt #@ xhf/ 6g /f;folgs dn s[ifsx¿sf nflu Nofpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] o:tf] lg0f{o ug{ nfu]sf] xf] . dn gLlt @)%* cg';f/ ;/sf/n] /f;folgs dndf lbOg] ;/sf/L cg'bfg ;/sf/n] x6fPsf] lyof] / k|lt:kwf{Tds ¿kdf lghL If]qnfO{ dn cfoft ug{ 5'6 lbPsf] lyof] . t/ l5d]sL b]z ef/tdf ;/sf/n] s[lif dndf ef/L cg'bfg tyf cGo ;x'lnot pknAw u/fPsf]df /f;folgs dn pTkfbg nfut eGbf lgSs} ;:tf]df pknJw x'g] u/]sf] / ;f] dn v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f cj}w ¿kdf l;dfjtL{ If]qdf leqLg] u/]sf] x'Fbf ;/sf/L tyf lghLIf]qn] cfoft ubf{ dxFuf] kg]{ u/]sf] / dn laqmL x'g g;Sg] cj:yf cfPsf] x'Fbf g]kfndf dnsf] sdL x'g uPsf] xf] .

g]kfndf ut jif{ sl/a () xhf/ 6g ljleGg k|sf/sf /f;folgs dnsf] vkt ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . of] kl/0ffddf lghL If]qsf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutf sl/a &% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf /f;folgs dn vktsf] kl/0ffd jif]{gL al9/x]sf] 5 . dn cfoft tyf laqmL ljt/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] s[lif ;fdfu|L sDkgL /x]sf] 5 eg]+ ljleGg lghLIf]qsf Joj;foLx¿af6 klg dn cfoft ul/G5 .  ef/tdf ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt dn o'/Lof g]kfnsf] bfFhf]df tLg u'gf ;:tf]df pknAw 5 h;sf] sf/0f g]kfndf s[lif pTkfbg nfut ef/tsf] bfFhf]df lgs} dxFuf] x'G5 eg] ljz]iftM t/fO{If]qdf 7"nf] kl/0ffdf cj}w tl/sfn] g]kfndf sd;n vfnsf] dn leqLg] klg u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] dndf cg'bfg lbPdf s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;'ne d"Nodf dn pknAw x'g\ uO{ s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} s[ifsx¿sf] d'gfkmf a9g hfg] x'Fbf v]tLaf6 knfog x'g] k|j[lQdf klg sdL cfpg] ljZjf; lj1x¿sf] 5 .

bfªdf Joj;flos s]/fv]tL tkm{ s[ifs cfslif{t

lzj/fh e08f/L, t'N;Lk'/

yf]/} d]xgt / nufgLdf w]/} cfDbfgL x'g\ yfn]kl5 klZrd bfªsf ls;fgx¿ xfn s]/fv]tL tkm{ tflgPsf 5g\ . jif}{+fb]lv k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] vfBfGg afnLdf dfq ;Lldt/xL lgjf{xd'vL s[lif ckgfO cfPsf ls;fgx¿ s]/fsf] laqmLu/L ;lhn} gub cfh{g ug{yfn]kl5 Joj;flos s]/fv]tLdf cfslif{t ePsf x'g\ . sl/a cf7 sÝf hUufdf s]/f nufpg' ePsf kjggu/sf x's'd axfb'/ cf]nL eGg'x'G5 æbfªdf Joj;flos s]/fv]tLsf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]tfsf] 5 o;sf nflu ;d'lrt ahf/ tyf /f]uJofwL lgoGq0fsf nflu s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] cem a9L ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kb{5Æ .

bfªdf xfn ljlnod xfOla|8, xl/5fn, emfkfnL÷aËfnL dfnef]u hftsf s]/fx¿ pko'St x'g] / nf]slk|o /x]sf] hfgsf/L s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf clws[t ;Ltf/fd rf}w/L atfpg' x'G5 . To:t} Joj;flos s]/fv]tLsf] k|f]T;fxgsf nflu s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, bfªn] s}nfnL, lrtjg nufot cGo lhNnfx¿af6 ufgf]NofO ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf t/fO tyf dWo kxf8L If]qsf ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf] af/Ldf b'O{rf/ emfªs]/fsf] af]6 /f]Kg] ub{5g\ xfn g]kfndf s'n % xhf/ & ;o x]S6/df s]/f v]tL x'g] u/]sf] / sl/a %# xhf/ tLg ;o 6g s]/f pTkfbg x'g] cg'dfg 5 . To:t} bfª sl/a *) x]S6/df s]/f nufOtfklg bfª lhNnf cGt/ut kjggu/, zflGtgu/, l;;lgofF nufot cGo uflj;x¿df sl/a $% x]S6/df Joj;flos s]/f v]tLaf6 sl/a $^) 6g s]/f pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k

dxf]Q/Ldf jfof]Uof; k|jw{gsf nflu cGt/lqmof

 lbks s'df/ /fgfef6

hgsk'/ c~rn cGt/utsf wg'iff, l;Gw'nL, dxf]Q/L / ;nf{xL lhNnfsf b'Uw pTkfbs ;+:yf ;xsf/L ;+:yf / jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿aLr jfof]Uof; k|jw{gsfnflu cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd xfn} ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmd g]kfn jfof]Uof; k|jw{g ;+3 If]qLo sfof{no lrtjg /  o; og eL g]kfn -SNV_ If]qLo sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf] ;xof]udf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . jfof]Uof; a}slNks pmhf{sf] k|jw{gsf nflu ;xsf/L dfkm{t C0f k|bfg u/L ls;fgx¿ dfemdf ;f]em} ;]jf lbg ;lsg] o; sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] hfgsf/L ;xefuL ;++:yfsf k|d'v clez]v rfln;]n] atfpg' eof] . sfo{qmdsf] pkfb]otfaf/] zflns/fd jfFgLof, bfdf]b/ ;'j]bL, kjg sf]O/fnf, ldg k|;fb e08f/L / ljgf]b a/fnn] cf–cfkm\gf] wf/0f AoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k

;3g h}ljs v]tL k|jw{gsfnflu nflu s[ifs tflnd

;Ltf afF7f du/, cf]/]s–g]kfn bfª

s[lif k4ltnfO{ a9L pTkfbgzLn, cfTdlge{/ / lbuf] agfpg'sf];fy} s[lif k|ljlwaf6 jftfj/0f, dfgj :jf:Yo, df6f]df a:g] hLjf0f' / hLjx¿sf] :jf:Yo / df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQmdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg lbuf] ;3g h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnLnfO{ k|jå{g ug'{ clt cfjZos ePsf] cj:yfdf dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s g]kfn_ åf/f lbuf] ;3g h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnLnfO{ k|jw{{g ug{ xfn} bfªdf s[ifs tflnd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . tflnddf sfo{qmd nfu' ul/Psf kfFrj6f uflj;x¿ -6l/ufpF, dfgk'/, p/x/L, >LufpF / x]s'nL_ sf dlxnf / k'?if s[ifsx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . tflndsf] ;|f]t Joltmx¿ lxdfno sn]h ckm Plu|sNr/ ;fOG;]; P08 6]Sgf]nf]hLsf 8f= ljgfos k|;fb /fhe08f/L / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no bfªsf k|d'v sdnsfGt emf /xg'ePsf] lyof] . o; tflnddf >LufpFsf lag' e08f/L / r'lndf rf}w/L, x]s'nL uflj;sf u0f]z rf}w/L / nlIfdf rf}w/L, p/x/L uflj;sf /]zd rf}w/L / z'l;nf rf}w/L, dfgk'/ uflj;sf 7fs'/ k|;fb rf}w/L / sfn'/fd rf}w/L tyf 6l/ufpF ufla;sf lqmdnfn rf}w/L / ;~rnfn rf}w/LnfO{ gd'gf kmfd{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .

u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] a9\bf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{sf] lglDt jftfj/0f, dfgj :jf:Yo, ufO{a:t'sf] :jf:Yo, df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm, s[ifs ;d"xsf] clwsf/, h}ljs ljljwtf / ufx{:y cy{tGqdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L s[ifs ;d'bfonfO{ ;3g k|fËfl/s v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfpg ;zlQms/0f ug]{ cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t s[lifsf] PsLs[t, ax'cfoflds / dfgjLo z}nL g} ;3g h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnL xf] . cf]/]sn] pbok'/ lhNnfdf of] k|0ffnL nfu' u/]sf] !) cf}+ jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o; ;3g h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnLsf cGt/ut  s[ifs ;d"xsf] ;zlQms/0f / kl/rfng , @_ s[ifs ;d"xnfO{ k|fljlws cfly{s ;xof]u, #_ gd'gf kbz{{gL kmfd{sf] Joj:yfkg, $_ k|ljlw k|rf/k|;f/ ul/G5 . k

g]kfn s[lif k|fljlwsx¿sf] k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ng

– /fd axfb'/ yfkf, c3f{vfFrL

s[lifIf]qdf lqmofzLn s[lif k|fljlwsx¿sf] k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ng xfn} nlntk'/df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . æPp6f 8fo/L / 86k]gsf] e/df rf}tf/Ldf a;]/ s[lifqmflGtnfO{ ;kmn t'Nofpg cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng] s[lif k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ plrt lhDd]jf/L tyf sfd ug]{ k|lqmofdf ¿kfGt/0f gug]{ xf] eg]+  b]zsf] s[lif ljsf; ug{ ;lsGgÆ eGg] ljrf/sf ;fy b]ze/sf s[lif k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ o; s[lif k|fljlws P;f]l;Pzgsf] u7g @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng kl5 ;'?u/]sf] hfgsf/L ;+:yfsf ;Nnfsf/ ch'{g s'df/ yfkfn] lbg'eof] . pb\3f6g ;qsf d'Vo clylt zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqL hgfb{g zdf{ æk|efs/Æ n] cfkm" klg æhflu/Æ æ/fhgLltÆ dWo] Pp6f 5f8g' kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] x'Fbf s[lif k|fljlws k];f 5f8]/ /fhgLltdf cfPsf] hfgsf/L lbFb} æcfly{s qmflGt eg]sf] s[lif qmflGt xf] / s[lif qmflGtnfO{ ;kmn agfpg s[lif k|fljlwsnfO{ g} sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf of]hgf agfpg] clwsf/ lbOg' kb{5, dGqfno tyf ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg dfq ug]{ xf]Æ eGg] ljrf/ /fVg' eof] . sfo{qmddf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif ljefu, kz';]jf ljefu, s[lif ljwfsf ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, lghL If]qsf Joj;foLx¿ tyf sl/a &) lhNnfsf s[lif k|fljlwsx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] cj;/df n]; axfb'/ s];Lsf] cWoIftfdf #! ;b:oLo kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ;fy} !)@ hgf nfO{ cfhLjg ;b:otf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .k

/];dv]tLsf] k|jw{g cfjZos

u0f]z cof{n, Onfd

cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df g]kfnsf] pTkfbg k'¥ofpg ;kmn Pjd\ cu|0fL Onfdsf /];d s[ifsx¿ cfjZos k|ljlw tyf ahf/ d"No /fd|f] gkfpFbf ;Í6u|:t aGb} uPsf 5g\ . /];d sL/fkfng ;fd|fu|Lx¿ / cfjZos tflnd gePsf]n] Joj;flos /];dv]tL ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;ªVof 36\bf]qmddf 5 . cToGt} ;Dj]bgzLn tyf pRr k|ljlwsf] o; Joj;fodf sf]s'g pTkfbgsf nflu w]/} ldxgt ug'{ kg]{ t/ sf]s'gsf] d"No sd kfpg] ePsf]n] vr{ y]Ug g;lsg] nIdLk'/sf xf]dgfy rfkfufFO{ atfpg' x'G5 . Onfddf xfn sf]s'gsf] d"No u'0f:t/sf] cfwf/df k|ltlsnf] ? %) b]lv @)) ;Dddf vl/blaqmL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ut r}tb]lv h]7df dfq Onfddf rf/ 6g sf]s'g pTkfbg ePsf] hfgsf/L ;fd'bflos /];d ljsf; dxf;+3, Onfdn] hgfPsf] 5 .

lsDa'sf] la?jf tyf /];d sL/fsf] aLp kfpg ;xh gePsf] ls;fgx¿ atfpF5g\ . To:t} x's]{sf] sL/f dg]{, afFr]sfn] klg cfxf/f /fd|/L gvfg] tyf cGo /f]ux¿ nfu]sf] nIdLk'/sf xf]dgfy rfkfufFO{ atfpg' x'G5 . ;DalGwt lgsfon] cfjZos ;xof]u gu/]sf] cj:yfdf of] Joj;fo km:6fpg g;Sg] ;fª?Dafsf k|sfz df]Stfg atfpg' x'G5 . jif{df tLg k6s;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsg] /];dv]tL Joj;fodf k"jf{~rndf sl/a Ps xhf/ / Onfddf b'O{;oeGbf a9L s[ifsx¿ ;ªnUg /x]sf 5g\ . /];d sL/f g kfnL s]jn lsDa'v]tL u/]/ :ofpnf laqmL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf] ;ªVof klg a9b}uPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos /];d ljsf; dxf;+3sL cWoIf z'zLnf g]DjfË eGg'x'G5 æo; Joj;fosf nflu ljz]if jftfj/0f tyf k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; Joj;fonfO{ ;/sf/L:t/af6 yk ;xof]u gkfOg] eP of] Joj;fo nf]k x'g;S5 Æ. xfn /];dv]tL Onfdsf] gfd;flnË, uf]bs, ;fª?Daf, l;l4y'Dsf, ;f]ofs, nIdLk'/, sf]Na'Ë, sGofd, O/f}6f/, ;dfna'Ë, bfgfaf/L, / Onfd gu/kflnsfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oL If]qsf /];ds[ifsx¿nfO{ yk tflnd tyf ;Lk lbP/ ;Ifd agfpg' kg]{ dfu ;DalGwt s[ifs ;d"xx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd s[ifsåf/f pTkflbt sf]s'g ;/sf/L :t/df /];d ljsf; sfof{non] dfq vl/b ug]{ u/]sf]df xfn Onfddf lghL:t/df klg /];d k|zf]wgzfnf :yfkgf ePsf]n] /];d s[ifsx¿n] k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df s[ifsx¿n] /fd|f] d"No kfpg ;Sg] wf/0ff /];d k|zf]wg s]Gb|, O6x/Lsf u+uf k|;fb ofbjsf] 5 . ofbjsf cg';f/ /];d sL/f k|jw{gsf nflu s]Gb|n] lsDa'sf] la?jf pTkfbg u/L ;x'lnot b/df pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .  k

s[lif lrGtg ======

cfh xfdL bf];|f] jif{df k|j]z u¥of}+}+ Û

·       w]/} jif{;Dd s[lifIf]qdf sfd ul/of], ufpF ufpF 8'lnof] ls;fgx¿sf kL/dfsf{, ;d:ofx¿ ;'Gg], x]g]{, a'em\g] cf};/x¿ ldn] . o; cjlwdf s[ifs xslxt k|lt ;r]t, /fhgLltaf6 k[ys ls;fgsfnflu dfq, /fhgLltaf6 6f9f, ;:tf] dgf]/~hgaf6 lgln{Kt, s[ifs xslxtdf clk{t÷;dlk{t, Pp6f klqsf lgsfNg] of]hgf dgdf blaP/} a;]sf] lyof] .

·       s]xL z'elrGts÷cfkmGtx¿aLr s[lif klqsf lgsfNg] ;Nnfx dfUbf ;'emfp x'GYo]] æls;fgx¿nfO{ k9\g cfpF5<Æ æls;fg;Fu k};f 5Æ< æls;fgn] lsg]/ klqsf k9\g ;S5g\Æ< æu|fdL0f If]qdf klqsf s;/L k'¥ofpF5;\ < clg k|Zg x'GYo]] æslt nfv 5Æ < æsqf] ;~hfn 5<Æ, æs'g ælau xfp;Æ n] nufgL ub}{5g\Æ < æs'g ld;g, s'g bnsf] d'vkq alg;\Æ < æklqsf rNg} ;Sb}g\,  s;n] n]Vg] < s] n]Vg]Æ< s]xLn] eg]+ æx'G5, /x/ eP, b'O{,rf/ cÍ lgsfNgf];\, xfdL klg kl5 ldl;G5f}Æ . kl/jf/af6 klg klqsf k|sfzg ug{ hLjg–;xofqL ;'ldqfsf] lg/Gt/sf] 3r3rLnfO{ 5f]/L Ch'tfaf6 k|fKt Nofk6k / l8hL6n Sofd/fsf] pkxf/n] cem xf}:ofO/x]sf] lyof] .

·       clg, o:t}df Pslbg ;dfrf/ cfof] ælrtjgdf s[lif d]nf @)^$Æ cfof]hgf x'g] . xfdL xf};Lof}+ . d]nf ;'? x'g] ldlt  @)^$ ;fn, d+l;/ @& ut] . æs[lif If]qsf] /fhwfgLÆ xf,] lrtjg Û cxf], of] t ;'j0f{ cf};/ xf], s[lif klqsf lgsfNgsf nflu . clg cfgg\–kmfgg\df b'O{ xKtfeGbf sd ;dodf klqsf btf{b]lv n]v, /rgf, ;ª\sng / k|sfzg;Dd ug{ EofOof] . klqsf 5flkP/ cfPsf] lbg c;Ld cfgGb, pT;fx hfUof] xfdL bDktLdf . ef]lnkN6 klqsfsf] d'7f] Rofk]/ gf/fo0fu9 lt/ nfUof}+  æs[lif d]nfÆdf ;xefuL x'g\ .

·       ;fyLefOx¿, s[lifIf]qsf 7"n7"nf xflsdx¿, Joj;foLx¿, sG;N6\ØfG6x¿, w]/} w]/};Fusf] e]63f6, xf};nf, k|f]T;fxg, :ofaf;L . ;a}n] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf], rfFlxbf] sfd u/]sf], gofF sfd u/]sf], :ofaf; eg]+ . clg, cj;/sf] kmfobf p7fpg xfdLx¿n] klg klqsfsf] ljsf;, k|jw{g / 5kfO{ vr{sf] hf]xf] ug{ u|fxs agfpg], ;s];Dd s]xL lj1fkg, z'esfdgf cflb ;Íng ug]{ rrf{ rnfof}+ . ;a}eGbf klxn] s[lif If]qdf ;ªnUg, ;/sf/L cf]xbfdf a;]sf, s[lif ljifosf pRr lzIfflnPsf, s[lif Joj;foL ;fyLx¿÷bf}+t]/Lx¿df xfdLn] ;xof]usfnflu clkn u¥of}+, ofrfgf u¥of}+ .  clg kf] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f k"j{ lxt}ifLx¿n] ;hu u/fPsf jf0fLx¿ 5n{lËb} uP =====. 

·       cfly{s k|;Ë cfpgf;fy ;fyLx¿sf] d'v dlng x'g] ub{Yof]÷ub{5, sfnf] afbnn] 9fSg] cg'xf/nfO{ . jflif{s z'Ns dfq ? @@% ltg{ Tof] klg ;/sf/n] kqklqsfsf] nflu ljlgof]hg u/]sf] /sdaf6 . s:tf] uf/f], s:tf] sl7g< 6]jndf /fhgLlt / dgf]/~hg k|wfg klqsfsf rfË x'Gy]÷5 t/ s[lif If]qdf ;ªnUg lgsfonfO{ s[lif klqsf lsGg ah]6 5}g < JolStut ¿kdf klg r'/f]6, /S;L / cGo kmh'nvr{sf nflu xhf/f}+ /sd ;lhn} lg:sg] vNtLaf6, t/ dlxgfdf pÌfO; ?k}+of lgsfNg sqf] si6s/ <   

·       clg km]l/ ha xfdL klqsfsf] ahf/ k|jw{gsf nflu sf7df8f}+df klqsf ljt/ssf] vf]hL ug{ ;'? u¥of}+ . sf7df8f}sf] kLknaf]6 t cyfx ;d'b| /x]5 . x/]; vfOof] . clg  la:tf/} la:tf/} cGo l6sf l6Kk0fLx¿ klg ;'lgg yfn]  æ8n/ gcfO{ s;}n] o:tf] sfd u5{ Æ < æn, ca o;n] Ps jif{df Psnfv u|fxs k'¥ofpg] eof], wgL aGg] eof]Æ, s]xLn] eg]+ æs] o:tf] klqsf lgsfn]sf] <, hflu/ vfgf];\Æ . æsltn] eg]+ s'g} /fhgLlts bn, s'g}, Joj;foL, s'g} ;d"x;Fu cfj4 geO{ klqsf l6Sb}g, rNb}g, cfpgf];\, ldl;gÆ . t/ xfdL] C0f} lnP/ klg, /ft/fte/ 3f]l6P/ æxs/ b]lv ;DkfbsÆ ;Dd cfkm} eP/ klg klqsfnfO{ lgoldttf lbO/x]sf 5f}+ .

·       xfdLnfO{ s]xL pT;fxL, nugzLn / sd{7 ;fyLx¿sf] cfly{s geP klg g}lts, cfTdLo tyf /rgfTds ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . n]v, /rgf, klqsfsf] :t/, tyf lg/Gt/tf cflb af/] /fd|f /fd|f ;xof]u / xf};nf kfOPsf] 5 . 6f9f 6f9f, s'gf sGb/faf6 s[lifnfO{ cfˆgf] sd{ynf], s[lifnfO{ cfˆgf] wd{, cfˆgf] bfloTj dfGg]x¿sf] dfof 5 xfdL;Fu . xfdL of] klqsf dfkm{t ;a} s[ifsx¿sf] 3/b}nf]df k'Ug] p2]Zodf sl6a4 5f}+ .

·       æxfdL s'g} bnljz]if, s'g} ;d"xljz]if, s'g} Jofkf/Lsf] k]jf galgsg ljz'4 ¿kdf s[ifssf] xslxt, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f ub{5f}+ . xfdLx¿ ;]jfefjn] ;dlk{t ljz'4 k|ljlws xf}+ / s'g} bnljz]if lt/ cf:yf klg 5}g, ljZjf; klg ul/Gg . xfdL /fd|f]nfO{ /fd|f] / g/fd|f]nfO{ e'Ng] k|of; u/]/ s[lif / ls;fgsf] lxt ;/+If0f tyf ljsf;df ;dlk{t x'g\ rfxfG5f} . xfdLnfO{ ls;fgsf] ;xof]u / s[lifnfO{ dfof ug]{ ;xof]uLsf] ;fy rflxG5÷rflxPsf] 5 . xfdL pGgt÷lbuf] nfO{ k|ljlw lbG5f}, s[lif, jg, jftfj/0f ljifosf gf}nf gf}nf 1fg / ;Lk lbG5f} . xfdL ls;fgn] k|fKt u/]sf ;kmntf, s[lifIf]qsf lghL pkof]uL cg'ejx¿ cGo s[ifsx¿;Fu ;f6g] ub{5f}+ o; klqsf dfkm{t . cfcf}++ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ o; b]zsf] sfofkn6 u/f}+, s[lif / ls;fgLsf] ¿kfGt/0f u/f}+ . k

g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/sf ;jfnx?

8f= 6L=kL=a/fsf]6L, -s[lifljb\_

k[i7e"ldM g]kfnL ;dfhdf e"ld jf hldgsf] ljz]if dxTj 5 . Tof] ljz]iftf e"ldk"hf, e"ldbfg / e"ld lsga]rsf] dfq xf]Og, s[lif g} clwsf+zsf] hLljsf]kfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/ ePsf]n] o; If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 dflgPsf] xf] . t/ hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f -&) k|ltzt_ cem} s[lif k];fdf /xg'n] ul/aLsf] nIf0f emlNs/x]sf] 5 . s[lif, kz' / jg clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] sdfO ug]{ ;fwg ;|f]t ePsfn] b]z ljsf;df logsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . e"ld, s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|d'v ;fwg xf] eg] ls;fg To;sf sd{of]uL . t/ nfvf}+ g]kfnL ls;fgx? of] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . Psyl/;Fu hUu} 5}g eg] yf]/} hUuf x'g] ul/a ls;fgx?nfO{ To;sf] pTkfbgn] @– # dlxgf dfq vfg k'U5 . pgLx? Hofnf jgL ug]{, sd}of / xnL uf]7fnf] a:g], c?sf] hUuf c+lwof 7]Ssfdf sdfpg] ;fy} c? sfd vf]hL u'hf/f ug{ ljjz 5g\ . To;}n] e"ldlxg ;'s'Daf;L / ul/a ls;fgsf]  hLjgofkg bogLo 5 . t/ pgLx?sf] ;+Vof eg] qmdzM a9]/ uPsf] 5 . lgDgjuL{o ls;fgx?nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] hUufaf6 jif{el/ vfg nfpg wf} wf} x'G5 .

csf]{tkm{ hUuf hldgaf6 afnLx?sf] pTkfbsTj a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ls;fgx?n] v]tLkftL / kz'kfngdf cg]sf}+ ;d:of ef]Ub} cfPsf 5g\ . Psflt/ ;/sf/L gLlt, sfo{qmd / ah]6sf sf/0f s[lifaf6 cfd ls;fgx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, csf]{lt/ s[lifsf] Joj;flos/0f / cf}Bf]lus/0fljgf b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; x'g g;Sg] tYo dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf] kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf xfd|f] s[lif k4lt, xfd|f ls;fg, s[life"ld, s[lifgLlt, / e"–pkof]unfO{ k'gMd"NofÍg / ljZn]if0f ug{ h?/L] 5 . e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lif If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L lgjf{xd"vL s[lifnfO{ Joj;flos s[lifdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf lj1b]lv /fhgLlt1;Dd ;xdt 5g\ . t/ j}1flgs 9Ën] e"ld;'wf/ gu/L Tof] ;Dej 5}g . To;}n] e"ld;'wf/sf ljleGg kIf jf ;jfnx?af/] 5nkmn ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df ev{/} g]kfn ;/sf/n] pRr:t/Lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u u7g u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf o:tf cfof]ux? ag]/ rfx]hlt sfd ug{ g;s] klg u0ftGq :yfkgf kl5sf]] cfof]u x'gfn] s]xL x'G5 ls eGg] cfzf, ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L e"ldlxg–;'s'Daf;L, ul/a ls;fg / hldg w]/} ePsfx?nfO{ e"ld;'wf/af/] a9L rf;f] x'g ;S5, gx'g]nfO{ cfz / x'g]nfO{ qf; plAhg' :jefljs} xf] . t/ klg g]kfnsf] nflu e"ld;'wf/ hl6n 5 / of] ;a}sf] cfd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . e"ld;'wf/sf] nflu gofF cfof]unfO{ b]zel/af6 ;'emfjsf] cf]O/f] cfpg ;Sb5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu e"ld;'wf/ ckl/xfo{ 5 / gof+ ;+ljwfgdf w]/} s'/fx?sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

d'Vo bnsf k|ltj4tfM /fhgLlts bnx?n] s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL cfkm\gf 3f]if0ff–kqdf hgtf;dIf w]/} k|ltj4tf hgfPsf 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg;ef gofF g]kfnsf] nflu gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ u}/x]sf] 5 . s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL 7"nf ;fgf ;a} bnn] cf–cfkm\gf] 3f]if0ffkqdf ls;fgsf] xslxtsf] nflu s]xL g s]xL /fd|f s'/fx? /fv]sf 5g\ . ltgn] gofF g]kfn agfpg cjZog} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5g\ . ;a}sf] s'/fnfO{ 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ug{ rfx]/ klg c;dy{ x'Fb} cfh 7"nf bnsf k|ltj4tfnfO{ dfq oxfF /fVg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] s[ifsx?sf] lxtdf nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu s[lif ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] s[lif pBf]unfO{ b]zsf] k|d'v cfly{s If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . e"ld tyf s[lif ;DaGwL ltgsf 3f]if0ffkqdf o:tf] elgPsf] 5 .

;jfnx¿M cfof]udf 5nkmn, lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf ;jfnx¿ d'VotM lgDg x'g ;Sg]5g\ M != e"–pkof]usf] j}1flgs k|0ffnL / /fli6«o gLlt, @= g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf e"ld;'wf/sf cfwf