lh=k|=sf= sf= btf{ g+= @^)÷@)^$÷^%

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Krishi Patrika A Newsletter on Agricultural & Forestry Technologies, Farmers Rights and Analytical News

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ahf/df cr]n ;'Gtnf kx]+nk'/ 5g\ . hf8f]df a;]/ ;'Gtnfsf] af]qmf 5f]8fP/ ;fyLefOx¿dfem a;]/ ulkmb}+ vfg'sf] dHhf a]Un} 5 . xfn b]zdf sl/a !* xhf/ x]S6/df ;'Gtnf v]tL ul/G5, h;df kmn lbg] pd]/sf la?jfx¿ sl/a !) xhf/ x]S6/df nufOPsf 5g\ . ;'Gtnfsf] jflif{s pTkfbg sl/a !! xhf/ 6g /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;'Gtnf g]kfnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qsf ;a} lhNnfx¿df ;kmntfk"j{s nufpg ;lsg] ePtfklg o;sf] v]tL g]kfnsf dWo tyf k"lj{ kxf8sf lhNnfx¿ ljz]iftM tgx'F, :ofªhf, sf:sL, uf]vf{, sfe|], wflbª, wgs'6f, kfFry/, kj{t cflb lhNnfx¿ a9Ldfqfdf ul/G5g\ .

ækm"n km'Ng] / altnf nfUg] a]nfdf cl;gf / v8]/L gk/]df v08df ;'Gtnf pTkfbg dgUu] x'g] ub{5, ut jif{sf] bfFhf]df o; jif{ ;'Gtnfsf] /fd|f] pTkfbg ePsf] 5Æ eGg' x'G5 wflbªsf /fd sfsL{ . jonL, kf]v/fsf ;'Gtnf pTkfbs ljZjjGw' kf]v|]n eGg' x'G5 æ;'Gtnf v]tLn] clxn] klg Jofj;flostf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . w]/} h;f] ls;fgx¿n] k/+k/fut ¿kdf ;'Gtnfsf] af]6nfO{ af/Lsf] l8ndf nufpg] u/]sf / u/fdf v]tL ul/gfn] ;'Gtnf pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkgdf cfzfltt ;kmntf k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] xf]Æ .

æcr]n ;'Gtnf au}+rfleq skmL nufpg] k|rng a9b} uPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ ls;fgx¿n] ;'Gtnf tyf skmL b'j} pTkfbg lnP/ a9L nfeflGjt eO/x]sf 5g\Æ . ;'ud tyf oftfoftsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf ufpFx¿df Jofkf/L cfkm} uO{ af]6dfg} ;'Gtnf vl/b ub{5g\ t/ b'u{d oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf gk'u]sf / yf]/} kl/df0fdf ;'Gtnf v]tL x'g] If]qx¿df ;'Gtnf ls;fgx¿n] plrt nfe lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;'Gtnf Joj;fodf a9L gfkmf Jofkf/L ju{x¿df hfg] ePsf]n] ;''Gtnf pTkfbs s[ifsx¿ df/df k/]sf 5g\ . s[ifsn] kfpg] d"No / pkef]Stfn] vl/b ug]{ d"Nodf sl/a #))–$)) k|ltzt;Ddsf] leGgtf kfOPsf] 5 .

b'u{d e]usf ;'Gtnf pTkfbs ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;'ud oftfoftsf] Joj:yf, ;'Gtnf k|zf]wg ug]{ k|ljlw, ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx¿ tyf ;Lk pknAw u/fOg' kg]{, ;'Gtnfsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu pTkfbgf]k/fGtsf k|ljlwx¿ ckgfP/ xfnsf] cJojl:yt ;'Gtnf ahf/nfO{ lgof{td"ns agfpg] kg]{ ;'emfp ls;fg tyf lj1x¿sf] 5 . k

km]l/ s'v'/fdf a8{ˆn'sf] vt/f

s'v'/fdf a8{ˆn' km]l/ Psk6s g]kfnsf] b}nf];Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . ef/tsf] klZrd aËfndf s'v'/fdf a8{ˆn' /f]u b]vf k/]kl5 ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] /f]u km}ngaf6 /f]Sg s'v'/fx¿ dfg{ nfu] kl5 g]kfnsf s'v'/fkfns klg lrlGtt ag]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfo ljz]iftM s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno / hg:jf:Yo dGqfnon] of] /f]u lelqg glbg ljz]if sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sf] 5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/taf6 kIfL tyf kIfLhGo ;fdfu|Lx¿ dfkm{t o; /f]usf hLjf0f'x¿sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ljz]if ;ts{tfsf ;fy ;Ldf ;'/Iffbn, eG;f/, :yfgLo k|zf;g, kz' ;]jf sfof{no, s'v'/f Joj;foL cflb lgsfox¿nfO{ kl/rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .

ef/t;Fusf] d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf] v'nf l;dfgf tyf clgolGqt rf]/L lgsf;Lk}7f/Ln] ubf{ /f]uL s'v'/f lelqg glbg] k|of; Tolt k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 . km]l/ of] /f]u, :yn dfu{ s'v'/f / s'v'/fhGo ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] ;+;u{ jfx]s a;fFO{ ;g]{ kIfL, cfsfz dfu{ cflbaf6 klg ;g]{ x'Fbf g]kfnleq a8{ˆn'sf] hLjf0f' k:g} g;Sg] u/L ;Defljt gfsfx¿ aGb ug'{ k|foM c;+ej g} 5 . a8{ˆˆn', ef/t nufot rLg / ljZjsf cGo ^% b]zx¿df b]vf kl/;s]sfn] g]kfnnfO{ nfdf] cjlw;Ddsf nflu ;'/lIft /fVg lgs} uf/f] x'G5 ;S5 . s'v'/faf6 of] /f]u dflg;df klg ;g{ ;Sg] ePsf] / xfn;Dd o; /f]usf sf/0f sl/a tLg ;o dflg;x¿sf] Hofg uO;s]sf]n] klZrdL d'n'sdf of] /f]un] cftÍ ;[[hgf u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf k"lj{ l;dfGt lhNnf ;v'jf;efdf @ xhf/ s'v'/f d/]sf] ;dfrf/ klg s]xL 5fkfx¿df cfPsf 5g\ . t/ d/]sf] sf/0f a8{ˆn' g} ePsf] k|dfl0ft eg]+ eO;s]sf] 5}g . a8{ˆn'sf] qf; s'v'/f Joj;foLdf k/]tfklg pkef]Stf ju{x¿df o; dxfdf/Lsf] vf;} k|efj klg k/]sf] 5}g .  k

r]kfªx¿sf] cfo;|f]]t aGb}5 df}/Lkfng Joj;fo

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cw{ljsl;t dflgg] r]kfª hfltn] ;d]t df}/LnfO{ cfw'lgs 3f/df kfngu/L dgUo cfDbfgL lng yfn]sf 5g\ . dsjfgk'/sf] ljs6 uflj; sfFs8fsf r]kfªx¿n] df}/Lkfngaf6 hLjg wfGb} cfPsf x'g\ . df}/Lkfngaf6 hgr]tgf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf, sfFs8fsf] ;xof]udf sfFs8f uflj;sf &@ kl/jf/ r]kfªx¿n] ut tLg jif{b]lv Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;]/]gf hftsf df}/Lkfng tyf dx pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;n] k|lt b; 3f/ Ps lSjG6n dx pTkfbg ug{ ;S5 . k|ltlsnf] b'O{ ;o ?lkofFsf b/n] dx laqmL ubf{ l;hgdf Ps hgf s[ifsx¿n] %) xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf dx laqmL ug]{ u/]sf] :yfgLoaf;L hª\uaxfb'/ r]kfªn] atfpFg' eof] . :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿n] jflif{s ¿kdf tLg xhf/ lsnf]u|fd;Dd dx pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] hgr]tgf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ahf/ Joj:yfks lbg]z r]kfªn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

;xsf/L ;+:yfsf cWoIf r]kfª eGg' x'G'5 ædflg;x¿ df}/Lkfng Joj;foaf6 ;xh tl/sfn] sfd ug{ / cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf qmdzM ;xsf/Ldf ;b:oklg ;ª\Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5Æ . df}/L s[ifs ;'jgnfn r]kfª atfpFg' x'G5 æut jif{b]lv lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fu9 nufotsf :yfgaf6 a9L dx lbg] d]lnkm]/f hftsf] ljsf;] df}/L sfFs8fdf lelqg yfn]sf] 5 . o;af6 s[ifsx¿ xlif{t ;d]t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ Æ.k

bfªdf a+u'/ kfng km:6fpFbf]

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bfª lhNnfdf xfn Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;'Fu'/kfng km:6fpFb} uPsf] 5 . ahf/df aFu'/sf] df;'sf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /flv of] Jofj;fo ug{] s[ifssf] ;+Vof a9]sf] xf] . jiff{}+b]lv ;dfhdf JofKt a+u'/kfng Joj;fo blnt jf rf}w/L ju{sf dfG5]n] dfq ug'{ x'G5, afx'g tyf dflyNnf] hftsf dfG5]n] a+u'/ 5'g' x'Fb}g eGg] lrGtg tf]8]/ xfn o; Joj;fodf afx'g hfltx¿ ljz]if ¿kdf cfslz{t ePsf 5g\ . ;fgf] nufgLdf klg ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] / 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} nfe lng ;lsg] x'Fbf of] Joj;fo nf]slk|o ag]sf] 5 eGg'x'G5 k[YjL Pu|f]e]6 ;]G6/ t'lN;k'/sf afj'/fd a/fn . To:t} a+u'/kfng k];fnfO{ hLjge/ c+ufNg] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ t'lN;k'/ gu/kflnsf, aGs§fsf OGb|dl0f eG8f/L eGg'x'G5 æsltkon] l5 Û afx'g eP/ blntn] kfNg] lrh klg kfNg] eG5g\Æ . e08f/L dfq xf]Og o;/L u}/ blnt x'Fbfx'Fb}klg a+u'/ Joj;fo ug{]x¿sf] ;+Vof sl/a b'O{ bh{g xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . h;n] ubf{ cfufdL lbgx¿df a+u'/sf] df;' lhNnfaflx/ lgsf;L u/L /fd|f] cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] ;Defjgf k|;:t /x]sf] 5 . bfªdf a+u'/kfngsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f ePs} sf/0f o;sf] ;DefJotf /fDf|f] /x]sf] 5 eGg'x'G5 lj=l6 Pu|f]e]6 ;]G6/sf lgd{n s'df/ cfrfo{ . cem of] Joj;fo s[ifsx¿dfem lgs} nf]slk|o x'g'sf] k5fl8 csf{] /f]rs sf/0f of] Joj;fo ;Fu} df5fkfng Joj;fonfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf n}hfg ;lsG5 .

To;f] t of] Joj;fodf y'k|} r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx¿ klg 5g\ . a+u'/kfngsf nflu   agfOPsf vf]/x¿ Jojl:yt tyf ;kmf;'U3/ kfOPgg\ . udL{ ofd;Fu} a+u'/af6 ;g{;Sg] OG;]kmnfOl6;\ h:tf] dxfdf/L /f]usf] lgoGq0fsf nflu vf]/df hfnLsf] Joj:yf ug{] sfddf s;}sf] Wofg k'u]sf] kfOPg .    cGttM o; Joj;fonfO{ cem a9L s[ifsx¿ lxtdf ;~rfng ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos /x]sf]  5 . k

s[lif lrGtg ======

ca ls;fgx¿ klg cfGbf]lnt x'g\ yfn]sf 5g\<

·       æpv' ls;fgx¿åf/f b'O{ 306f oftfoft aGbÆ, æd'St sd}ofåf/f rSsf hfdÆ, æC0f ldgfxfsf] dfu ub}{ h'n'; k|bz{gÆ, æpv' ls;fgsf] cfGbf]bg lkmtf{Æ, æ;'ne dn cfk"lQ{sf nflu ls;fgx¿åf/f sfof{no 3]/fpÆ, æwfgsf] efp tf]Sg k|bz{gÆ, æpTkflbt wfgsf] plrt d"No gkfP kl5 ls;fg cfGbf]lntÆ ====.

·       ca ls;fgx¿ klg cfGbf]lnt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . ls;fgx¿ cfkm\gf] xs, clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs zf]if0f k|lt hfu?s aGb} uPsf 5g\ . s]xL ;do cl3 wgs'6fsf t/sf/L ls;fgx¿n] aGbsf lj?4 aGb cfof]hgf u/] . clg sfe|]sf ls;fgx¿n] klg /f;folgs dn gkfP/ rSsf hfd ug'{ k¥of] . s]xL lbg cl3dfq ;nf{xLsf pv' s[ifsx¿n] plrt d"Nosfnflu /fhdfu{ cj?4 kf/] . clg xfn} wfg s[ifsx¿ wfgsf] plrt d"Nosf nflu alb{ofsf ls;fgx¿n] cfGbf]ng/t 5g\  .

·       o;/L slxn] b"w pTkfbs, slxn] s'v'/fkfns, st} lrof s[ifs ,sxLF t/sf/L s[ifsx¿ clg slxn] e"ldlxg ;'s'Fjf;Lx¿, st} sd}of / xnLx¿n] ;fgf] 7"nf] lj/f]w / cfGbf]ng ul//x]s} 5g\ . t/ klg ;dli6df ls;fgx¿sf] ;d:ofdf vf;} ;'gjfO{ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\, ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g\ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ . ls;fgx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs cj:yfdf vf;} ;'wf/ x'g\ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ .

·       s]xL jif{sf] cGt/fndf b]zdf 7"nf] P}ltxfl;s kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ t/ /fhgLltdf dfq . ;du|df ls;fgx¿sf] cj:yf cem bogLo aGb} uPsf] 5, b]z cem hh{/ / sËfn aGb} uPsf] 5 . ls;fgx¿ ;bf em}+ zf]lift, kLl8t, ckx]lnt / ul/aLsf] df/df afFRg afWo ePsf 5g\, agfOPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ls;fgx¿sf ;d:of k|lt s'g} ;'gjfO{ ePsf] 5}g\ . ls;fgsf nflu, s[lif ljsf;sf nflu, s[lifdf cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu oy]:6 sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 5'§fOPsf] 5}g\ .

·       s[lif ljsf;sf nflu, ls;fgsf nflu sfof{nox¿ 5g\, ljefu 5g\, dGqfnox¿ klg 5g\ . st} lj1 5g\, sfd 5}g\, st} sfd 5 t/ ah]6 5}g . st} lj1 klg 5}gg\, ah]6 klg 5}g, sfd klg 5}g . clg s;/L ljsf; x'G5 s[lif / ls;fgx¿ sf] <

·       Oltxf; 5, u|fdL0f ls;fgsf] ef]6 / ;dy{gdf ljwfos ag]sf g]tfx¿ ;Qfdf k'u]kl5 ls;fgnfO{, hgtfnfO{ la;{g] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf /fhgLltsdL{x¿n] slxn] klg ls;fgsf] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu vf;} s'g} 7f]; kxn u/]sf] Oltxf; 5}g . ls;fgx¿ s} k|ltlglw eP/ ;bgdf l5/]sf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 pgLx¿ s[ifs eGbf k[ys b]lvg yfN5g\÷ePsf 5g\ . r'gfp tfsfsf g]tfsf sf]bf] /f]Kg] ufnf ;bg l5/]kl5 :ofp h:tf] k'li6Psf clg ;f/ËL h:tf] k]6 æ g]7'Æ aGb} uPsf 5g\ . clg pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ls;fg xf]Og hgtfsf] ;]js, s[ifs k|ltlglw jf s[lif pBdL eGg ¿rfpF5g\ .

·       cr]n k]ml/ ls;fgx¿nfO{ e'nfpg, yfdy'd kfg{ b'O{rf/ sÝf ;fj{hlgs jg, ;fdGtsf] ;DklQ sAhf u/L afF8g\ ;'? ePsf] 5 . ;kgf afFl8g yflnPsf] 5 . ls;fgLnfO{ b'O{ 5fssf] hf]xf] ug{ d} ;Lldt agfpg],  :jfy{l;l4sf nflu cfˆgf] em08f af]sfpg] dfq k|of; yflnPsf] 5 . ca, emn{Ë eO;s]sf] 5, ls;fgsf] sNof0f, ls;fgsf] lxt s'g} g]tf, s'g} /fhgLlts bn jf s'g} ;d"x ljz]ifaf6 x'g\;Sb}g\ . ls;fgsf] enfOsf nflu ls;fg cfkm} h'/d'/fpg' kb{5 , cfkm}+ hfUg' kb{5  ca ls;fg cfkm\gf] lxtsf nflu ;Ël7t x'g' kb{5 cfkm}+ . ca 5n{Ë eO;s]sf] 5, s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu v]tsf], hUufsf] ;Ldf tf]lsg' x'Gg . ls;fgnfO{ ls;fgLd} ;Lldt /fVg] rfn rflng' x'Gg .

·       o;} tYonfO{ a'em]/ g} a]nfa]nfdf ls;fgx¿ cfGbf]lnt x'g yfn]sf x'g\ . t/ ls;fgx¿sf] cfGbf]ng s'g} /fhgLlts bn ljz]ifsf] s[kfkfq ag]/ jf s'g} l;4fGt ljz]ifsf] lk5nUu' ag]/ jf 5ftf cf]9]/ xf]Og\ . ls;fgx¿ cfkm}+åf/f, ls;fgx¿s} ljz'4 xslxt / clwsf/sf nflu dfq x'g' kb{5 . xfdLn] b]lv;s]sf 5f}+, ha s'g}æ ls;fg cfGbf]ngÆ /fhgLlts bn ljz]ifsf] s[kf /  cfb]zdf x'G5, To;n] s]xL ljz]if /fhLltsx¿nfO{ dfq ;Qfdf k'¥ofpFg d2t ub{5÷k'u]sf 5g\ . clg Psk6s ;Qfdf  k'lu;s]kl5 pgLx¿ ToxL ;Qfdf l6sL/xg rfxfG5g\÷/x]sf 5g\ . / of] rfxgf ls;fgsf] cfly{s pGglt u/]/ xf]Og, ls;fgx¿nfO{ oyfl:tltdf /fv]/dfq k'/f x'g ;Sb5 .

·       To;}n] l56k'6 ¿kdf ;;fgf] cfGbf]ng u/]/ ls;fgx¿ cfˆgf] pTkL8gaf6 pGd'StL kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . ;a} v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿ rfx] tL wfg nufpg] xnL ls;fg x'g\ jf rf}+/L kfNg] uf]7fnf], rfx] tL lrof v]tL ug]{ x'g\ jf s]/f v]tL ;a} Ps} 5ftfd"lg ;Ël7t eP/ cfˆgf] xs, clwsf/ dfUg' kb{5 . ;a} ls;fg Psh'6 x'g' kb{5, clg ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0f / hldgbf/L k|yfsf], sldzgvf]/ / g]tflu/Lsf] lj/f]w ul/g' kb{5 . cfˆgf] kl/>d / kl;gfsf] df]n clg cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] cGg k]6el/ vfg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrGttfsf] Uof/]G6L gx'g\Hofn cfGbf]ng /f]lsg' x'Gg . k

PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkgdf -cfO{=kL=Pd=_M

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– o1k|;fb lu/L, ljZjk|;fb d}gfnL, cfgGb/Tg :Yfflkt, ;'lgn cof{n, s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\

e"ldsfM k|frLg ;dodf, Plzof dxfb]z ljZje/Ls}  ;Eotfsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt lyof] . o; If]qsf k|frLg afl;Gbfx¿sf] cToGt ljsl;t cfo{ ;Eotfsf] hu d'Votof s[lifdf cfwfl/t lyof] . ljZjsf ljleGg efudf, o;} If]qaf6 1fgsf] k|;f/ x'g] u/]sf] s'/f j}lbs zf:qx¿df pNn]v ul/Psf] tYo Oltxf;df c+lÍt 5 .

O;fk"j{ kfFrf} ztfAbLdf /rgf ul/Psf] af}Wb wdf{jnDjLx¿sf] kfnL u|Gysf] s"nefuf tyf dxfefufdf / O;fk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbLsf] sf}l6Noåf/f /lrt cy{zf:qdf tfTsflng s[lif / jgsf] pkof]usf] j}1flgs / a'lWbdtfk"0f{ j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . O;fsf] 5}7f+} ztfAbLsf] a|t;+lxtf / O;fsf] b;f}+ ztfAbLdf sZokåf/f /lrt s[lifz'StLdf s[lif jg e" tyf hnk|jGwsf] ljifodf lj:tf/df pN]nv ul/Psf] e]l6G5 . lbuf] s[lif ljsf;, PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f tyf e";+/If0f cflb cfh ef]nLsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbP/ Toltj]nf g} s[lif gLlt nfu' ul/Psf] k|df0fx¿ pQm u|Gyx¿df kfOg'n] xfd|f] k'vf{x¿sf] s[lif gLltsf] b'/blz{tf / 1fgsf] ulx/fOnfO{ k|:6 kfb{5 . t/ Plzofsf] jt{dfg t;la/ k|frLg ;dodf h:t} uf}/jzfnL /xg ;s]sf] 5}g . o; If]qsf] kf/Dkl/s 1fg tyfslyt kfZrfTo cfw'lgstfsf] k|efjn] lj:tf/ lj:tf/ nf]k xF'b}hfg]af6]fdf cu|;/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s[lif If]qdf cfPsf] pGgt hft, /f;folgs dn, ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]u, Psn afnL v]tL kWblt cflbsf] af9Ln] o; If]qdf eO/x]sf] kf/Dkl/s 1fgsf] pkof]udf uDeL/ c;/ k/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy ;fy} lbuf] pTkfbg, /f]u sL/fsf] zxgl;ntf / kof{j/0fLo If]qdf tyfslyt cfw'lgstfsf] s[lif If]qdf ePsf] xl/tqmfGtL h:tf k|of]ux¿n] uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/x¿ klg b]vfPsf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df, g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qklg u+le/ ¿kn] k|efljt 5 t/ cGo PlzofnL d'n'sx¿ eGbf s]xL sd . o;sf/0f g]kfnsf] ljs6  ef}uf]lns l:ytL / ;g\  !(%) eGbf klxn] /fhgLlts lx;fjn] ;+;f/ b]lvg} cnUu} /xg' klg Ps xf] . t/ ;g\  !(%) kl5sf bzsx¿df cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; lgof]ux¿sf] dfWodn] g]kfnsf ;'ud / dxTjk"0f{ s[lif If]qx¿ ljZjJofkL cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwn] uDeL/ ¿kn] k|efljt b]lvG5g\ eg] b'u{d kxf8L If]qx¿ Ef}fuf]lns ljs6tf, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf] sl7gfOn] kf/Dkl/s s[lif kWblt ckgfpg jfWo ePsf 5g\ .

cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlw / /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]uM klZrdL d'n'sx¿df cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ;+u} s[lif If]qdf ePsf] d]lzgx¿sf] k|of]u / /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]usf ;fy;fy} afnL, a:t'efp / dflg;x¿nfO{ b'vM lbg] sL/f / cGo zq'hLj lgoGq0fsf nflu /f;folgs ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]usf] ;'?cft ul/of] . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;j{k|yd ;g\ !*^% df k]/L;u|Lg, ;g\  !*(@ df ln8cfl;{g]6 / ;g\ !()& df SoflN;od cfl;{g]6 cflb ck|fËfl/s kbfy{x¿ sL6gfzssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/P . bf];|f] ljZj o'4 kl5 klZrdL d'n'sx¿n] s[lif tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] Jofks k|of]u ug{ yfn] . ;g\  !(#( b]lv l8=l8=6L= sf] k|of]u ;'? eof] . xfn;Dd ljleGg Snf]l/g o'Qm xfO8«f]sfj{g, cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6, sfjf{d]6 / cGo ;d"xsf sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]u lbg k|lt lbg a9b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

;g\ !(^! df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsL k|a'Wb dlxnf /]rn sf;{gn] /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] j}rfl/s cfGbf]ng ;'? u/]s} xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfndf cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwsf] gfddf xflgsf/s ljiffbLsf] k|of]usf] yfngL eof] . s[lif k|;f/ sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmd, PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmd cflb ljleGg gfdn] ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿åf/f /f;folgs ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf, s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL / ;du|df /fi6«sf] s[lif ljsf;sf] gLltdf :yflkt u/fOof] . xfn cfP/ /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ uDeL/tf k"j{s lnOPsf]n] g]kfnsf] b;f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf / bL3{sfnLg s[lif ljsf; of]hgfdf dnvfb, pGgt aLpljhg / PsLs[t afnL ;+/If0f k4ltnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf] 5 .

/f;folgs ljiffbLsf] ljsNkx¿sf] k|of]usf] ;DefjgfM a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] rfkn] ;[lht vfBfGgsf] pRr dfu /x]sf] jt{dfg l:yltdf /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf k"0f{¿kn] /f]s nufpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5}g t/ PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] cg';/0f u/]/ xflgsf/s /f;folgs kbfy{x¿sf] s[lif If]qdf eO/x]sf] cGwfw'Gw k|of]usf] 7"nf] kl/df0f eg] cjZo 36fpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf skf; v]tL, lrofv]tL, wfg v]tL / a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLdf lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] ePtfklg b'u{d If]q / cGo afnLx¿df ljiffbLsf] k|of]u s]xL sd ul/G5g\ . To;sf/0f s[ifs ;d'bfodf ljiffbL k|of]usf] dfgj :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds k|efjsf] r]tgf hufpg] / ljiffbLsf] ljsNk tof/ kfg]{ sfd s[lifsld{x¿sf] r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . x'g\ t ;g\ !(%) eGbf klxn] g]kfn ljiffbLsf] k|of]uaf6 d'Qm lyof] / klg s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ klg lyof] . Tolt a]nf;Dd afnLsf /f]u sL/f lgoGq0fsf nflu k/Dk/fut tl/sfx¿ ckgfOGYof] . jftfj/0f t'ngfTds lx;fkn] ;Gt'lnt lyof] . ;g\  !(^) sf] k"j{fw|lt/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf tfOr'ª h:tf s]xL pGgt hftsf tfOjfgL wfgx¿ leqfOPkl5 cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwn] g]kfndf k|j]z kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] k|of]u klg ;/sf/sf] cu|;/tfdf ;'? ul/of] . xfn ;Ddsf] ljiffbL k|of]usf] l:yltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] s[lif If]qdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u dfqfsf] lx;fkn] ;fnfvfnfdf sd u/]sf] b]lvPklg a]df};dL t/sf/L / skf; h:tf gub]afnLdf eg] lgs} a9L k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ljiffbLsf] k|of]usf] dfqf eGbf klg o;sf] cgfjZos k|of]u÷ b'?kof]u, unt k|of]u / cToflws dfqfdf ePsf] k|of]usf sf/0f jftfj/0f / dfgj tyf kz'kIfLx¿sf] :jf:Yodf a9\bf] qmddf gs/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn, ljiffbLo'St u'0fePsf jg:kltx¿sf] vfgLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]n] tL jg:kltx¿sf] ljiffbL u'0fsf] ;j]{If0f / k|df0fLs/0fnfO{ cWoogsf] ljifo agfP/ cfKfm\gf] b]zsf] ;Dkbfsf] ;b'kof]un] :jb]z tyf ljb]znfO{ s[lifsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ljiffbLsf] j}slNks k|ljlw lbg ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy} o; lbzf tkm{ sfd ug'{ kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf klg xf] .

PsLs[t sL/f Joj:yfkgdf s[ifssf] kf/Dkl/s 1fgsf] e"ldsfM g]kfndf sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u / cfw'lgs s[lif k¢ltsf] cg'z/0f ;g\  !(%) kl5 dfq} ePsf] kfOG5  eg] lnR5ljsfn b]lvg} g]kfnsf] s[lif pTkfbg Plzofd} pTs[i6 /lxcfPsf] g]kfnL Oltxf;df c+lÍt 5 . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] kf/Dkl/s g]kfnL s[lif k¢ltdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] k|ljlwx¿sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 dfq} vf]hL / k|df0fLs/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 . Ps cWoog cg';f/ ;+;f/sf !)%# jg:kltx¿df sL6gfzs ljiffbLo'St u'0f ePsf]] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] #!! jg:kltx¿ dxTjk"0f{ / Jofj;flos ¿kdf pkofuL x'g  ;Sg] b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;df klg cltg} dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf gLd, asfOgf], uf]bfj/L km"n h:tf ljZjsf $! j6f k|d'v jg:kltx¿ dWo] @@ j6f sL6gfzs ljiffbLo'St u'0f ePsf jg:kltx¿df gLd, asfOgf], c;'/f], ;okqL, uf]bfj/L, af]emf], ;"lt{, wt'/f], ;LdfnL, cb"jf, jLif, dl/r, 8]/L;, s]:6/, abfd, cl8/, uGw]emf/, ;Ltfkmn, /fdkmn, ;l/kmf g]kfndf oy]i7 ¿kdf kfOg] / ;lhn} k|fs[lts tj/n] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] l:yltdf 5g\ .

xfn g]kfndf sL/f Joj:yfkgsf] nflu jg:kltx¿sf] k|of]usf] ljifodf cg';Gwfgx¿ sd / l9nf] ultdf eO/x]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f o; ljifosf] cg';Gwfgsf] klg Jofks ;+efjgf b]lvG5 .

;f/f+z / ;'emfp M g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ;+be{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkgdf -cfO{=lk=Pd=_ g]kfnL e"ldsf] jg:klts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;+efjgf 5, h:df xfd|f] k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] 7fpFx¿ k|ofKt 5g\ . o; l:yltsf], b]z ljsf;sf nflu a'¢Ldtfk"0f{ pkof]u ug{, gLltlgdf{tfx¿n] k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{, k/lge{/tf sd ug]{ / b]z tyf :yfg ;'xfpFbf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ s'/fnfO{ dxTj lbO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd Nofpg' kg]{ ;'emfp s[lif k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf gftfn] xfdL ;a} ;DalGwt lgsfo / JolQmx¿ ;dIf /fVg rfxG5f}+ . k

sGg] Rofp v]tL k|ljlw

/df s+zfsf/, sf7df8f}

Rofp Ps 9";L hftsf] ;"Id hLjf0f' xf] . o;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf km·; (Fungus) elgG5 . k|s[ltdf cg]sf} hftsf Rofpx¿ kfOG5g\ . tL Rofpx¿ s'g} ljiffn' x'G5g\ t/ s'g} s'g} cltg} :jflbi6 x'G5g\ . h+unL Rofpx¿df s'g rf“xL Rofp vfg x'g] / s'g rf“xL vfg gx'g] vfnsf x'G5g\ .

cfhsf] ;+;f/df h+unL Rofp eGbf klg s[lqd t/Lsfn] Rofp pdf/]/ vfg] rng lgs} a9]sf] 5 . ;+;f/df sl/a %) k|hfltsf Rofpx¿sf] v]tL ul/G5 . g]kfndf != uf]a|] Rofp (White button),  @= sGo] Rofp (Oyster mushroom),  #= d[u] Rofp (Shitake), $= k/fn] Rofp (Straw mushroom) nf]slk|o 5g\ .

 ljleGg hftsf] Rofpx¿ pdfg{sf] nflu leGg tfkqmd / df};dsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . uf]a|] / sGo] Rofp sf7df8f} pkTosf / dWo kxf8L e]udf /fd|f];+u pd|G5, eg] k/fn] Rofp t/fO{sf] udL{ df};ddf pd|G5 . To:t} l;tfs] Rofp pRr kxf8L e]u / dWo kxf8df /fd|f] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . sGo] Rofp t/fO{df klg hf8f] dlxgfdf /fd|f] pTkfbg eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L oL rf/ k|sf/sf Rofpx¿ g]kfnsf] kxf8L / t/fO{ e]udf pdfg{ ;lsPsf] 5 / oL rf/} k|sf/sf Rofp pTkfbg ug{ o;sf] k|ljlw / aLp g]kfnd} pknJw 5 .

Rofpsf] kf}li6stfM RofpnfO{ cem} klg s]xL ;d'bfo ljz]ifn] vfgfdf pRr:yfg lbOPsf] kfFOb}g . afx'gx¿n] t o;nfO{ vfg gx'g] vfgfdf /fv]sf 5g\ -o;sf] dVo sf/0fx¿ s]xL Rofp ljiffn' ePsfn] x'g ;S5_ . Rofp cToGt} :jflbi6 ePsf] x'“bf afx'gn] Rofp vfP kf] :jfb kfp“5 eGg] pvfg rNtLdf klg 5 . Rofpdf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ kf}li6stTjx¿ kfOG5g\ . Rofpdf d'Vo u/]/ k|f]l6g, le6fldg / ljleGg ldg/N; -wft'_ x¿ kfOG5g\ . Rofpsf] k|f]l6gdf klg ljleGg k|sf/sf] Pldgf]Pl;8\;x¿ kfOG5g\ / ltgLx¿ xfd|f] z/L/sf] nflu geOgx'g] tTj x'g\ . le6fldgdf P, aL, / ;L k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 . To:t} vlgh kbfy{df SoflN;od, kmf]:kmf]/; cflb kfOG5 . To;}n] RofpnfO{ Ps kf]}li6s vfgfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

sGo] Rofp v]tLM sGo] Rofp ;hf]/sfh' / cf]i6«f6; u/L b'O{ hftsf] sGo] Rofp kfOG5g\ / v]tL klg ul/G5 . sGo] Rofpsf] v]tL k/fndf ul/G5 . t/ k/fn afx]s ds}sf] vf]of, vf]:6f, sf7sf] w"nf] / 5\jfnLdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu tfkqmd @)–#) l8u|L ;]N;; / ;fk]lIft cfb|{tf *) k|ltzt x'g' k5{ . ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0fn] *))– !$)) ld6/ prfO{ ePsf] 7fp“df r}q dlxgfb]lv sflt{s dlxgf;Dd / ;f]eGbf sd prfO{ ePsf] :yfg h:t} t/fO{df sflt{sb]lv df3;Dd o;sf] v]tL ;kmn x'g]5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf o;sf] v]tL kmfNu'0fb]lv sflt{s dlxgf;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfn hf8f]df klg pd|g] hftsf] aLp kfOg] ePsf]n] hf8f]df klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

v]tL ug]{ t/LsfM  sGo] Rofp v]tL ug{sf] nflu ;kmf / /fd|f] s'Go" nufPsf] k/fn x'g' kb{5 . k/fndf xl/of]kg ePsf] v08df 9";L km}ng ufx|f] kb{5 . cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] hlt /fd|f] k/fn hf]lv;s]kl5 sl/a @–# OGr nfdf] 6'qmf kfg'{ k5{ . of] k/fn 6'qmf kfg{sf] nflu e':;f sf6\g] s}+rL - r'n];L_ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 6'qmf kf/]sf] k/fnnfO{ sd;]sd b'O{ 306f;Dd ;kmf kfgLdf lehfpg'k5{ cyf{t /fte/L lehfP klg x'G5 . lehfO;s]sf] k/fnnfO{ 7"nf] af6f jf ef“8f]df ;kmf kfgL /fvL /fd|f];+u kvfNg' kb{5 . kvfNbf kvfNb} kfgL wldnf] eg] eg] km]l/ ;kmf kfgL km]g'{ kb{5 . o;/L kvfln;s]kl5 k/fnsf] kfgL ts{g lbg @–$ 306f /fVg' kb{5 . k/fnaf6 kfgL tsf{pgsf] nflu ! ld6/df sf7sf] k|]md /fv]/ agfO{ Tof] hfnL eFO{Aff6 p7fO{ eFOdf g5'g] u/L /fVg' k5{ . To; dfly leh]sf] k/fn /fVbf kfgL rf“8} tls{G5 . kfgL tsf{O;s]sf] k/fnnfO{ xTs]nfdf Psd'¶L lnO{ lyr]/ x]bf{ olb kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ glg:sL vfnL xTs]nf dfq leHof] eg] To;df kfgLsf] dfqf 7Ls /x]5 elg osLg ug{ ;lsG5 . olb kfgLsf] yf]kfx¿ w]/} lg:s]sf] b]lvof] eg] To;nfO{ c? !–@ 306f kfgL tsf{pg /fVg' k5{ .

k/fn akmfpg]sf] nflu 8«d cyjf df6f]sf] kf]6f;L k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . 8«ddf tnkl§ ^ OGr;Dd kfgL /fvL To;df #–$ j6f O“§f 78\ofP/ /fVg] . clg To;sf] dfly hfnL cyjf Kjfn, Kjfn k/]sf] rSsf /fVg'k5{ . clg dfq k/fnn] 8«d eg'{kb{5 . 8«dsf] d'vdf Knfli6sn] /fd|f];+u 5f]k]/ 8f]/Ln] af“Wg'k5{ . 8«dsf] dflyaf6 jfkm cfpg yfn] kl5 sd ;] sd cfwf 306f -#) ldg]6_ ;Dd k/fnnfO{ akmfpg' kb{5 . o;/L akmfp“bf k/fndf ePsf xflgsf/s sL/f / hLjf0f'x¿ gi6 x'G5g\ . akmfPsf] k/fnnfO{ lr;f] gx'“b} Knfli6ssf] wf]qmfdf jf 8«ddf g} /fv]/ lr;f] kfg{'kb{5 .

sGo] Rofp /f]Kgsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] !@Æx@^Æ cyjf !^Æ x@^Æ -OGr_ ;fOhsf] y}nf lng' k5{ . Rofpsf] aLp Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf /f]Kbf Ps tx k/fn, Ps tx aLp /fVb} xftn] a];/L lyRb} hfg' kb{5 jf aLp / k/fn ld;fP/ y}nf e/]sf] v08df klg /fd|} x'G5 . y}nf el/;s]kl5 o;sf] d'v ;'tnLsf] wfuf]n] af“Wg' kb{5 . o;df $ cf}+nfsf] km/sdf Kjfn kfg{'kb{5 . ;fy} Kjfnx¿ k'/f vf]n]sf] x'g'kb{5 . csf{] t/Lsf, aLp /f]k]kl5 rSs'n] 7fp“ 7fp“df qm; cyjf 3;f{] u/L sf6g klg ;lsG5 . of] aLp /f]k]sf] kf]sfnfO{ c“Wof/f] sf]7fdf # xKtf;Dd /fVg' kb{5 . o; a]nf sf]7fsf] tfkqmd @@–@% l8u|L ;]N;; x'g'k5{ .  # xKtfleq Rofpsf] 9";L k/fndf km}lnP/ ;]tf] x'G5 . o;kl5 Knfli6s Roft]/ ;]tf] 8NnfnfO{ eFO{df jf ¥ofsdf /fVg'kb{5 . eFO{df /fVbf O“6f jf sf7sf] kmNofs tnlt/ /fvL Ps Ps ljQf km/s u/L nfOgdf /fVg'kb{5 . lbgsf] @–# k6s ;Dd dl;gf] kmf]x/f h:t} u/L ;kmf kfgL 8Nnf dfq leHg] u/L 5s{g'kb{5 kfgLsf] dfqf k/fnsf] 8Nnfdf eGbf 8Nnfsf] jl/kl/ a9L x'g'k5{ . o; ;dodf sf]7fsf] tfkqmd @)–#) l8u|L ;]N;; x'g'k5{ .

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